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超越元素:用于高级泥浆录井的
XRD 矿物学和 XRF 分析
课程安排
会见讲师
 Jose Brum ,野外销售工程师, Olympus
 Dawn Snyder ,地质学家, Diversified Well Logging
题目
 XRF 和 XRD 的基础知识
 油气钻井操作中所使用的 X 射线技术
 高级泥浆录井技术
 现场 XRF 和 XRD 技术
 问题与解答
节省时间
 轻松完成样本准备工作
 现场进行分析
 迅速获得结果
降低成本
 向现场外的实验室输送更少的样本
 避免因等待结果而造成的停工期
 可以实时获得数据,从而防止重钻操作
当机立断
 在钻井过程中可以持续进行测试
 不含猜测因素的地质导向判断
 查看钻孔深度对比矿物学的图表
现场 XRD 和 XRF 分析的益处
什么是 X 射线荧光 ?
 从镁( Mg )到铀( U )的元素定量分析
 测量大多数元素的百万分率( ppm - % )
什么是 X 射线荧光 ?
典型的 XRF 光谱
什么是 X 射线荧光 ?
 利用 XRD 技术进行直接矿物学分析
 定量矿物晶相分析
 粗略的分析范围:约 2% - 100%
什么是 X 射线荧光 ?
典型的 XRD 图案
石英
白云石
石膏
伊利石
2650 英尺
6250 英尺
XRD 对比 XRF
 两种技术都使用 X 射线源和探测器
 两种技术都测量 X 射线作用到某种物质后的反应
 两种技术都提供有助于辨别物质的测量方法
XRF XRD
元素分析 化合物分析
含铁 Fe2O3 对比 Fe3O4
含钙 多晶型物: CaCO3
“ 方解石”对比“文石”对比“球霰石”
非常规资源
挑战:在北美钻出的大多数井都
处于非常规资源矿床中。
解决方案:水平钻井技术和水力
压裂技术上的进步已经使从非常
规资源中开发商业生产的愿望成
为可能。
找到最佳听音位置
挑战:在整个矿床范围内,肉眼所见
的同质页岩,在地质学、地球化学及
地质力学方面的属性会千差万别。
解决方案: XRD 和 XRF 表明分子水
平上的分析结果,可以辨别含有更多
碳酸盐的区域、含有更多硅酸物质的
区域,以及泥土中发生变化的位置。
使用 XRD 监控矿物的走向
使用 XRD 监控矿物的走向
脆性区域
挑战:精确定位水力压裂法的最佳听音位置所需的脆性
区域,在水平区段中会迅速出现和消失。
解决方案:可以使用 XRD 数据获得储油区中页岩的
脆度。
岩石类型
挑战:需要确认含有石油和天然气的区域,及土质
的渗透性和多孔性,以优化开采的产量。
解决方案: XRD 技术可以辨别出那些可指示含石
油和天然气区域的岩石类型。
标记元素
挑战:找到边界层,且在钻孔时处于
油气层中。
解决方案: XRF 可以辨别上层标记
元素和下层标记元素,从而可以判断
是否已经进入油气层或是否已经离开
油气层。
使用 XRF 监控元素成份
元素成份对比钻孔深度
井下技术对比表面技术
挑战:井下测量方式,如:伽马、电阻
率或钢缆等工具,可能会因井眼中的温
度、压力或震动情况而无法进行测量。
解决方案:通过 XRD 和 XRF 技术从
表面获得的数据几乎不会影响钻孔操作
,无论井眼中的条件如何,都可以提供
矿物学数据。
相容性流体
挑战:钻孔时喷射流体可能会以糟糕的方式影响到岩
层。
解决方案: XRD 可以对矿物学数据进行分析,从而可
使用户选择、喷射相容性流体。
形成残留聚积物
挑战:
形成的残留聚积物
会阻塞井眼并降低
岩层的渗透性。
解决方案:
XRD 可以辨别残留聚积物的类型,从而可以
选择正确的化学品进行处理。
油田中常见的残留聚积物
优化产量
挑战:一口典型的井有 25 到 50 个区段,每个区段所
耗费的成本接近 $250k ,生产率一般为 2% 。
解决方案:将这些区段定位在岩层脆性最强的区域,
有助于优化产量、降低成本,并最大程度地降低环境
对压裂技术的影响。
高级泥浆录井
挑战:基于表面的测量需要提
供近表层泥土的详细可靠的信
息。
解决方案:野外 XRD 和 XRF
分析技术与泥浆电阻仪及显微
镜等目测方式一起使用,可以
提供详细的分析结果。
高级泥浆录井
挑战:在钻孔过程中,可能
会产生一些如井眼不稳定和
流体损失等问题。
解决方案:如果已经记录下
实验性钻井岩屑的情况,通
过现场 XRD 和 XRF 就可以
立即辨别接下来出现的坍落
岩块,从而可以精确定位流
体损失的位置。 图片的使用已征得 Aaron Watkins 的同意
高级泥浆录井
XRD 数据 - 图案对比
13 个样本的瀑布图显示矿物学数据在几千英尺的钻孔深度中
发生的变化,显示强度被标准化为 100% ,以加强显示效果
。
范围 = 2350 英尺处的红色 – 6250 英尺处的蓝色
XRD 数据 - 图案对比
通过对比,可以目测方式发现衍射图案中的变化,
这些变化不需要技术培训就可以注意到。
XRD 数据 - 图案对比
石英
白云石
石膏
伊利石
2650 英尺
6250 英尺
XRD 数据 - 图案对比
3400 英尺
3870 英尺
伊利石
伊利石
绿泥石
XRD 数据 - 分析速度
次级峰值清晰
1分钟 /4 次曝光
3 分钟 /11 次曝光
10 分钟 /36 次曝光
对于可辨别的峰值,量化
过程会迅速得到稳定。
次级峰值可见
主要峰值可见 - 可被辨别
XRD 的量化
 使用几个图案就可以完成快速半定量( XPowder )设置,并
将其转化为一种按钮控制操作。
 以目测形式从小数据库中选择结晶相。
 设置参考文件,用于在将来对相似基质进行量化操作。
野外 XRD 对比实验室 XRD
XRF 分析输出
Depth Al Si P S K Ca Ti V Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn Zr
12430 4.04 13.7 0.17 0.24 2.31 2.05 0.44 0 0.03 5.11 0.02
12450 2.82 13.3 0.14 0.29 1.33 3.27 0.34 0.04 0.03 4.39 0.01 0.03
12470 3.31 14.2 0.2 0.33 1.38 3.34 0.35 0.04 4.53 0.03
12490 3.53 12.1 0.2 0.74 1.57 4.29 1.78 1.03 0.22 5.15 0.01 0.01 0.03
12510 3.39 11.8 0.17 0.5 1.64 4.37 1.03 0.6 0.12 4.8 0.03
12530 3.77 11.2 0.26 0.38 1.36 7.95 1.28 0.75 0.18 4.45 0.02 0.02
12550 3.44 10.9 0.15 0.41 1.46 7.3 1.21 0.55 0.14 4.28 0.03
12570 2.77 9.38 0.18 0.26 1.27 8.26 0.75 0.26 0.08 3.87 0.01 0.03
12590 3.11 10.5 0.17 0.62 1.42 6.16 1.88 1.19 0.34 4.78 0.02 0.01 0.03
12610 3.07 9.91 0.15 0.26 1.34 7.82 0.58 0.17 0.09 3.82 0.01 0.01 0.02
12630 3.19 10.7 0.17 0.33 1.59 5.29 0.5 0.11 0.08 4.52 0.01 0.03
现场 XRD 和 XRF 分析
挑战:送到实验室进行 XRD 和
XRF 分析的样本可能会需要几天 /
几个星期才能获得分析结果。
解决方案:得益于 XRD 和 XRF 仪
器的发展进步,这些仪器已经被用
于移动实验室。
Diversified Well
Logging 拖车的内部景
观
建造移动实验室,始于 Olympus 分析
仪
X5000
便携式 XRF
BTX II
台式 XRD
TERRA
便携式 XRD
现在可以提出您的问题!

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超越元素:用于高级泥浆录井的XRD矿物学和XRF分析

Notas do Editor

  1. Thank you Gregg. I’m glad to have the opportunity to be here today with Dawn to talk to all of you about the use of field XRD and XRF in mud logging applications. The development of field-based XRD and XRF instrumentation has really expanded the use of these technologies in this industry as an on-site tool. It has had a huge affect on - the time it takes to get analysis - the cost of sending samples back to a main lab and - the ability to make decisions in real-time Dawn will be talking more specifically about how the mud logger uses these technologies but first I want to start at the basics of XRD and XRF technology, how they are similar and how they differ
  2. Other techniques calculate or infer what the mineralogy is but XRD identifies and quantifies the mineralogy directly from the crystal structure.
  3. The majority of wells being drilled in N.A. are primarily shales in unconventional resource plays – tight formations that trap the hydrocarbons and require stimulation techniques to allow them to flow.
  4. Using these X-rays, we can now see vivid differences in visually homogenous shales. With clarity, you can see and quantitate the areas of the well that have more carbonates, are more siliceous, and changes in the clay.
  5. Brittleness is directly controlled by mineralogy and the fabric and texture of the mineral components Accurate measurements of clay content are imperative to evaluating the relative brittleness through a shale play, which can greatly improve the effectiveness of fracking strategies. XRD and XRF are used in determining the contribution of clay minerals to the engineering behavior of rocks and soils.
  6. Certain clays (smectites) will swell up in the presence of water. When they swell, they can trap the drillpipe and block up the wellhole. You will want to switch to an oil-based drilling mud.
  7. Scaling – seawater can combine with certain minerals (e.g. sulfates) to form scale both in the formation and in the drillpipe. If you see these minerals, you know to not use a sea-water based drilling mud and to be very cautious using seawater in nearby injection wells.
  8. Accurate measurements of clay content are imperative to evaluating the relative brittleness through a shale play can greatly improve the effectiveness of fracking strategies. XRD and XRF are used in determining the contribution of clay minerals to the engineering behavior of rocks and soils.
  9. Using these X-rays techniques, we can now see vivid differences in visually homogenous shales. With clarity, you can see the areas of the well that have more carbonates, are more siliceous, and places of changes in the clay. One great benefit having of XRD on site is that when problems arise while drilling, such as wellbore stability and fluid losses, the subsequent cavings can be immediately identified to help pinpoint the location of losses. Trace and Marker minerals have a myriad of applications in exploration and reservoir characterization. Also, XRD will help define the brittle zones and sweet spots for fracking and production.
  10. (12 minute acquisition time Co-Ka energy)
  11. Looking more closely at certain depths we can see the changes in mineralogy
  12. Our customers are typically doing ~ 5-10 minute test, depending upon how much they care about quantification of the secondary peaks.
  13. Semi-quant RIR data from Terra in blind comparison to lab based system
  14. Not only do the Olympus XRD and XRF instruments provide fast analysis but having them on site eliminates the time involved to send samples to an outside lab. This puts the information in the operators hands almost immediately allowing them to make decisions in real-time. As you can see from the examples we have given during this presentation - there are many benefits for having these instruments in the well logging trailer as part of the routine analysis. - They can provide more detailed information than was possible in the past - They can provide back up information and verification to other analysis tools and - They can provide data that can help optimize the operations and better understand what is going on under ground
  15. Jose - I would like to extend my personal thank you to Dawn for joining me today and thank you also to Diversified Well Logging for having Dawn collaborate with us on this webinar. Dawn – (you can chime in with any thank you and closing remarks) Jose – We are looking forward to answering some of your questions now so I’ll turn it back over to Gregg to get us started