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Role of Advanced Practice Nursing
According to the Florida Board of Nursing, advanced
registered nurse practitioners (ARNPs) can prescribe patients
with controlled substances that are listed in the schedule II, III
and IV which are well described in s. 893.03 Florida Statutes.
Before doing so, they are to participate in three-hour training
sessions which would help them implement the right strategies
(Florida Board of Nursing, 2016). For APRNs to provide the
right prescriptions to their patients they are necessitate to
analyze and describe patient’s health problems. They are also
required to fill their patients with enough knowledge regarding
the drugs side effects and how they are supposed to take them
(Pigman et al., 2016). As well-known medical practitioners
should ensure that after a patient receives a drug, its use is well
achieved. As stated by the state requirements an APRN should
also do the same to make sure that the drug given achieves the
goal it it supposed to achieve (Kooienga and Wilkinson, 2017).
There are numerous barriers that inhibit APRN
practitioners from carrying out their prescriptions roles as
required. First, there are various programs that may be directed
towards the deliverance of health care services that are of high
quality. But the problem comes in when the leaders of these
programs fail to equip APRNs with advanced skills for dealing
with them. Lack of enough knowledge and negative perceptions
towards the same may inhibit them from performing their
prescription roles. Secondly, state license restrictions may limit
APRNs from fully participating in their practices as required
because most boards only allow they to take part in one nursing
practice role depending on the concerted agreement (Reynolds
et al., 2021).
When prescribing medication to patients ARNPs have a
great role and responsibility. Their role depends on state laws
which are associated with the prescriptive authority provided to
them (Florida Board of Nursing, 2016). After and before
prescribing APRNs have the role of ensuring that all the drugs
are taken at the right time and that the patients know of their
side effects. To be on the safer side all APRNs must be
responsible while prescribing drugs as this is in all of the
patients benefit.
To add on that every practitioner who needs to prescribe
medication must be registered by the United States drug
enforcement administration. They should also have an
experience of two years in terms of the drugs they purchase,
distribute, administer and dispense (Florida Board of Nursing,
2016).
References
Reynolds, A. M., Reynolds, C. J., & Craig-Rodriguez, A.
(2021). APRNs' controlled substance prescribing and readiness
following Florida legislative changes. The Nurse
Practitioner, 46(6), 48-55.
Pigman, Campbell, and others. (2016). HB 423 – Access to
Health Care Services. Retrieved from
https://www.flsenate.gov/Committees/BillSummaries/2016/html
/1424
Florida Board of Nursing. (2016, April). Important Legislative
Update Regarding HB 423. Retrieved from
https://floridasnursing.gov/new-legislation-impacting-your-
profession/
Kooienga, S., & Wilkinson, J. (2017, January). RN prescribing:
an expanded role for nursing. In Nursing forum (Vol. 52, No. 1,
pp. 3-11).
LAURA
Role of advanced practice nursing in safe prescribing.
Advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) have become an
essential part of the health care community because of the
growing demand for primary care. They are registered nurses
who have prescriptive authority and advanced training in the
prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of illnesses (OLU, Alison
& Oldman, 2022). In the state of Florida, the statuses mandate
these advanced professionals to be in line with the supervisory
standards when prescribing controlled substances. This entails
the professions having training about self-prescribing and any
effective implementation based on similar strategies. The
APRNs do the evaluation and definition of the issues facing the
patients in order to give prescriptions that are free of errors.
They should also provide the needed knowledge to the patients
concerning any warnings and how the prescribed medicines
should be taken. In addition, they do regular monitoring of the
patients they correctly benefit from the provided prescriptions.
Prescribing barriers for APRNs.
Even though APRNs are authorized to prescribe, there are a
number of barriers limiting their autonomy. Some of these
barriers are:
1. Policy restrictions on APRN practice
In some cases, state licensure hinders these professionals from
engaging entirely based on their academic qualifications. As a
result, their engagement in one of the NP roles can only be
based on collaborative agreements.
1. APRN-physician relations
These professionals, in many cases, lack full autonomy from
physicians. In the state of Florida, the conditions they work
under are controlled, and they are required to work with the
physicians to describe.
1. The barrier of payer policies
Certain payer policies dissuade APRNs from participating in
health care delivery activities at their full capacity, despite their
training and licensure (Schirle, Norful, Rudner & Poghosyan,
2018). In some cases, scope-of-practice policies limit
practitioners' duties to certain roles. For example, a majority of
private payers require APRNs to work under a physician in
order to be compensated, which results in an extremely
restricted scope of practice for APRNs.
REFERENCES
OLU, Alison, & Oldman. (2022). The Role of the Advanced
Nurse Practitioner. Retrieved 10 January 2022, from
https://www.independentnurse.co.uk/blogs-article/the-role-of-
the-advanced-nurse-practitioner/213167/
Schirle, L., Norful, A., Rudner, N., & Poghosyan, L. (2018).
Organizational facilitators and barriers to optimal APRN
practice: An integrative review. Health Care Management
Review, 45(4), 311-320. doi: 10.1097/hmr.0000000000000229
LESPERANCE
Role of APRNs In Safe Prescribing
Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRN) play an integral
part in the healthcare system by prescribing safe medicines to
the patient population and by offering various other healthcare
services to the public. Prescribing the right medicine at the
right dosage is a complex and an essential concept in healthcare
system as it helps in improving the health of the patients by
alleviating their pain conditions (Cardiff et al., 2018). It also
helps in avoiding unnecessary medical expenses and poor health
outcomes in a community. The APRNs are equipped with
special education and training to prescribe the right medicines
to the patient population for enhancing the overall health
outcomes. They guide the healthcare facilities in offering the
right prescription to the patients by keeping both the nurses and
the patients safe from healthcare adversaries. However, each
state in the US differs in providing licensure to the APRNs in
terms of safe prescription (Tilley et al., 2019).
According to the 893 Section 03 Florida Statutes of standards
and schedules, the APRNs are authorized to prescribe the
patients with controlled drugs and substances under the
supervisory standards and by abiding to the ethical guidelines.
These registered nurse practitioners are equipped with the
adequate skills, knowledge, and training to prevent, diagnose,
order tests, and treat patients from various infections and
diseases. Their position in the nursing community offers them
with the legal rights to prescribe the most appropriate medicines
and treat the patients in a safe and effective manner (Woo et al.,
2017). Additionally, the APRNs are also involved in monitoring
the health of the patients frequently after the administration of
the prescribed drugs. In general, APRNs offer safe, effective,
high quality and patient-centered care through the right
prescription of medicines to the patient. As a primary healthcare
service provider, autonomy is regarded as the central concept of
APRNs. Even though the APRNs possess the authority to
prescribe medicines, there are certain cases, where they
experience barriers in prescribing medicines for the patients.
These barriers limit the registered nurses from being
independent in prescribing the patients with the right
medications. Failing to prescribe timely medicines in primary
care settings causes the APRNs a lack in delivering high quality
care services and also delays the process of receiving timely
treatment to the patients while waiting for confirmation and
agreement from the physician who is in collaborative working
terms with the APRN. These kinds of barriers impose a huge
burden upon the people especially among those living in rural
areas and those belonging to the underserved population i n a
community. These prescribing barriers are also involved in
increasing the medical costs which makes the patients and the
tax payers difficult to pay the expenditure.
One of the most important barriers that are widely observed is
the state licensure restrictions. As per this barrier, the
registered nurses are restricted to serve the community
independently, besides their educational qualifications and other
professional eligibilities. In Florida, the APRNs are allowed to
work under controlled conditions through a collaborative
association with a physician for prescribing the medicines.
Another barrier that the APRNs face in prescribing medicines is
their poor skills and lack of adequate training. This prevents
them from offering high quality services to the public. Hence, it
is essential that the APRNs should be well-equipped and trained
in order to perform their role well and to provide safe and
effective prescription of medicines to the patients. Third
important prescribing barrier noted among APRNs includes
certain healthcare policies that inhibit the registered nurses to
actively engage in their professional functions and
responsibilities to the full potential. Unfavorable working
conditions, dissatisfaction in job, and certain practice policies
causes the APRNs to perform their role effectively which in
turn results in poor patient outcomes. Hence, in order to
enhance the health conditions of the people in a healthcare
system, it is essential that these barriers for prescribing
medicines by the APRNs be removed (Bates and Martin-
Misener, 2021).
References
Bates, A. E., & Martin-Misener, R. (2021). Facilitators and
barriers to nurse practitioners prescribing methadone for opioid
use disorder in Nova Scotia: A qualitative study. Canadian
Journal of Nursing Research, 084456212199622.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0844562121996222
Cardiff, L. M., Lum, E. P. M., Mitchell, C., Nissen, L. M.,
Patounas, M. P., & McBride, L.-J. (2018). Teaching the
principles of safe prescribing to a mixed profession
postgraduate cohort: Program development. Journal of
Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 11, 635–644.
https://doi.org/10.2147/jmdh.s169424
Tilley, E., Hamilton-Jones, M., & McNabb, A. (2019). Nurse
practitioners’ safe prescribing of controlled substances and the
impact on Nursing Education in Ontario. Journal of Nursing
Regulation, 9(4), 42–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2155-
8256(19)30015-8
Woo, B. F., Lee, J. X., & Tam, W. W. (2017). The impact of the
advanced practice nursing role on quality of care, clinical
outcomes, patient satisfaction, and cost in the emergency and
critical care settings: A systematic review. Human Resources
for Health, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-017-0237-9
AYMEE
Role of Advanced Practice Nurse in Safe Prescribing
APRNs derive their prescriptive authority from legal provisions
contained in the laws of the State of Florida. Chapter 893
Section 03 of the 2018 Florida Statute defines the supervisory
and prescription standards that APRNs must adhere to before
prescribing medication (Toney-Butler & Martin, 2018).
However, APRNs must attend 3-hour training sessions. These
sessions provide practitioners with vital skills in the safe
prescription of medication. In addition, APRNs acquire
competence to effectively implement the associated Statute's
provisions. The Statute expects APRNs to evaluate and define
the unique health issues affecting patients before prescribing
any medication. It also requires APRNs to educate patients
about the associated contraindications of administered or
recommended prescriptions. Moreover, its provisions encourage
APRNs to regularly monitor patients to ensure that they benefit
from the intended benefits of prescribed medications.
Additional provisions of the Statute emphasize the centrality of
APRNs in the prescription of medicines (Florida Board of
Nursing, 2016). Accordingly, the Statute expands the scope of
APRNs in the safe prescription of medication by requiring these
practitioners to adhere to similar standards as physicians. The
expansion of the role of the nurse results in an alteration of the
scope of practices traditionally delegated only to doctors, as is
the case of the prescription of drugs. The defense of the
representative entities of nursing, refers to a defense of the
profession's own autonomy and should not be construed as a
threat to other categories. The responsibility for the final
decision on which drug to use and how to use it is the hands of
APRN prescriber (Moser & Robinson, 2016).
Prescribing Barriers for APRNs
Several barriers diminish the ability of APRNs to safely and
effectively prescribe medication. The first primary barrier is
stringent state licensure regulations, which prohibit APRNs
from prescribing medication based on their educational
qualifications (Hain & Fleck, 2014). State regulations only
allow APRNs to prescribe within the scope of their nursing
practitioner (NP) roles and training. A second barrier is the
level of education of an APRN. Presently inadequacies of
nursing training programs reduce the ability of APRNs to
provide advanced healthcare services (Hain & Fleck, 2014).
Adverse perceptions of their nursing role, poor working
conditions, and knowledge deficiencies further exacerbate this
barrier resulting in a diminished ability of practitioners to
prescribe safely. Finally, health insurance provider policies
often dissuade APRNs from accomplishing their role in writing
prescriptions in clinical settings (Hain & Fleck, 2014). For
example, a variety of practice policies limits practitioners to
nursing positions based on training, knowledge, experience, and
licensure statutes. Subsequently, the interaction of these
barriers and individual nursing perceptions complicates the
APRNs' ability to deliver effective healthcare services during
practice.
References
Florida Board of Nursing (2016). Important legislative update
regarding HB 423. Retrieved from
https://floridasnursing.gov/new-legislation-impacting-your-
profession/
Hain, D., & Fleck, L. (2014). Barriers to NP practice that
impact healthcare redesign. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues
in Nursing, 19(2). doi:10.3912/ojin. vol19no02man02
Moser, T., & Robinson, M.V. (2016). Pharmacotherapeutics for
Advance Practice Nurse Prescribers. (4th ed.). Philadelphia: F.
A. Davis Company.
Toney-Butler, T. J., & Martin, R. L. (2021). Florida Nurse
Practice Act Laws and Rules. Treasure Island, FL: Stat Pearls
Publishi
ADELISA
Role of Advanced Practice Nursing in Safe Prescribing
An advanced practice nurse plays a critical role in the country's
health sector. Nurses deliver a universal viewpoint and personal
touch to health care by combining clinical competence in
diagnosing and treating health issues, emphasizing disease
prevention and health management.
An advanced practice nurse can prescribe medications for
patients based on the current legislation. For example, Florida
State passed the law in April 2016 authorizing nurse
practitioners to prescribe controlled substances. The law now
allows an Advanced Registered Nurse Practitioner who is also a
psychiatric nurse to prescribe certain controlled substances
(Reynolds et al., 2021)
Nurse practitioners, however, face prescribing obstacles. For
example, state license governs nurse practitioners practice and
serves as a roadblock to nurses practicing to the full extent of
their training. It means that the practitioners licensing and
practice laws differ by state, despite a full practice authority- a
collection of state practices and licensing rules that permit
nurse practitioners to prescribe medications. Still, the issue is
that most of the country has not adopted the full practice
authority. They result in little practice and licensing, implying
that nurses can perform at least one aspect of their training
under supervision (Germack, 2021).
Furthermore, some physicians, such as the American Medical
Association, consider nurse practitioners incapable of providing
excellent, safe care, as compared to them, since they have more
extensive training than nurse practitioners (Germack, 2021).
Payer policies are another major barrier. Nurses believe that it
substantially impacts their capacity to explore their potentials.
The degree of nurses to practice independently may be limited
in their scope of practice if restricted.
According to the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, a
prescription is a part of a nurse scope of practice. Therefore
prescribing is neither a separate act from nurse practitioners
practice.
References
Germack, H. D. (2021). States Should Remove Barriers to
Advanced Practice Registered Nurse Prescriptive Authority to
Increase Access to Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder. Policy,
Politics, & Nursing Practice, 22(2), 85-92.
Reynolds, A. M., Reynolds, C. J., & Craig-Rodriguez, A.
(2021). APRNs' controlled substance prescribing and readiness
following Florida legislative changes. The Nurse
Practitioner, 46(6), 48-55.
LUANDA
Advanced Registered Nurse Practitioners (ARNPs) are involved
in the safe prescribing of control substances listed in Schedule
II, III, or IV as defined in section 893.03 of Florida Statutes.
APRNs provide patients with relevant information concerning
medications, such as warnings of side effects and instructions
on how to take medications. The APRNs also provide efficient
monitoring of patients on the regular basis to observe the
recovery progress and detect the presence of any side effects
associated with the use of drugs (Floridasnursing.gov, n.d.). To
improve safety in prescribing, APRNs use appropriate tools
such as prescribing software and electronic drug references that
help in reducing prescription errors (Floridasnursing.gov, n.d.).
These strategies have been useful in providing safe
prescriptions to patients.
One of the prescribing barriers for APRNs is inadequate to state
practice and licensure. Some APRNs may not have a full
practice, limiting them from prescribing medications (Hain &
Fleck, 2014). In Florida, only licensed practitioners are allowed
to prescribe medication and a few of them limit the prescription
posing risks to the on-demand prescription services. Another
barrier involves physician-related issues. Variations in
education and training make some physicians exposed to
rigorous training while others have less training, preventing
them from providing quality and safe practices and
prescriptions. Specifically, nurse practitioners have struggled
for several years to move to full practice authority from
restrictive practice in Florida because of the inadequate training
and education (Hain & Fleck, 2014). With the increasing
demand for primary care, there is a need for education and more
training to allow APRNs to develop quality and safe care skills
and knowledge. Also, payer policy is threatened (Schirle et al.,
2020). The payer policies have significantly impacted APRNs'
ability to practice to the fullest of their training and licensure
by limiting what they can do, especially those who do not
conform to the requirements of the policies (Hain & Fleck,
2014). Payer policies are among the state practice regulations
and licensure. Thus, the restrictive scope of practice leads to
stricter payer policies that limit APRNs from working
independently (Hain & Fleck, 2014). In this case, the limits are
applicable to those who should give prescriptions.
References
Florida Board of Nursing (2016). Important Legislative Update
regarding HB 423. Florida Board of Nursing.
https://floridasnursing.gov/new-legislation-impacting-your-
profession/
Hain, D., & Fleck, L. (2014). Barriers to nurse practitioner
practice that impact healthcare redesign. The Online Journal of
Issues in Nursing, 19(2).
https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol19No02Man02
Schirle, L., Norful, A. A., Rudner, N., & Poghosyan, L. (2020).
Organizational facilitators and barriers to optimal APRN
practice: An integrative review. Health Care Management
Review, 45(4), 311-320.
https://www.nppostgradtraining.com/wp-
content/uploads/2020/08/Organizational_facilitators_and_barrie
rs_to.99685.pdf
PSYC3320 (A11) Summer 2021
1
Research Paper Analysis
As a consumer of scientific knowledge, it is important that you
learn how to thoroughly
read, understand, and critically evaluate original studies, even if
you are not an expert in
the particular field. In this assignment, you will review and
analyze an original
psychopharmacology study. The learning outcomes related to
this assignment include:
gaining knowledge related to psychopharmacology, critically
evaluating research in the
area, developing written communication, and (if you choose to
work with others)
applying teamwork and collaboration skills. The assignment can
be completed
independently or in small groups of 2-5.
There are two steps to the Research Paper Analysis assignment:
(1) Select an article and email your selection to the instructor.
If you choose to work
with one or more of your classmates, be sure to include their
full name(s) in the
body of the email and copy them on the email.
DUE: 11 June 2021 by 11:59 pm PST
(2) Complete and submit your assignment as a single Word
document on Moodle
DUE: 16 July 2021 by 11:59 pm PST
Please respond to the questions below in relation to your chosen
article. There are no
word or space limits, but it is always prudent to write clearly
and succinctly.
1. Suggest a new declarative title for this article and explain
why you think it is
better. Your new title and rationale should be based on science
and/or specific
findings from the study [2 pts.]
2. Explain the methodology (i.e., how the experiment was
performed) using lay
terms. The important thing here is to not simply paraphrase the
methods;
instead, ensure that you have a thorough understanding of what
the
experimenters did and then, using your own words, distill the
main points into a
description that an average person could understand [2 pts]
3. Choose one figure from the article and explain it as if you
were communicating to
an undergraduate student who does not have much
psychopharmacology
knowledge. Be sure to go over each axis including units of
measurement,
describe what the data in the graph are showing, and state a
“take home
message” [4 pts]
4. Choose one of the main findings (e.g., relating to one
particular figure) and offer
an alternative explanation for the results, which has not been
raised by the study
authors [2 pts]
5. Relate the findings from this article to something you have
learned about in the
course (textbook, lectures and/or seminars) [2 pts]
PSYC3320 (A11) Summer 2021
2
6. Well-designed studies with impactful results typically
enhance our understanding
of everyday phenomena or offer practical applications. Describe
a real-world
implication of the study’s findings (that was not mentioned by
the authors
themselves!) [2 pts]
APA Formatting: 1 point will be deducted if the assignment is
lacking proper APA 7
formatting elements, including title page, appropriate citation,
and/or reference page.
Group submissions: If students choose to work with others, they
must set up the groups
themselves. Those who submit an assignment together will all
receive the same mark.
PSYC3320 (A11) Research Paper Analysis – Rubric
Pg. 1 of 2
Question 0 pt 1 pt 2 pt 3 pt 4 pt
1 Incorrect or absent Presents a reasonable
new title that is
declarative (i.e., states
the results of the study)
+ Rationale is based
on specific findings
from the study.
Demonstrates some
improvement in title.
--- ---
2 Limited description
of methods used.
Demonstrates
minimal
understanding of
methodology.
Writing difficult to
understand, lacking
organization,
and/or excessively
technical.
Minor inaccuracies in
description of
methodology. Evidence
of some gaps in
understanding of the
methodology.
Writing is limited by
disorganization,
excessively technical
style and/or jargon.
Describes all aspects
of methodology are
described.
Demonstrates
thorough
understanding of the
paradigm, timeline,
etc.
Writing is clear and
relatable.
--- ---
3 Incorrect or absent Limited description of
figure. Demonstrates
minimal understanding of
result(s).
Writing difficult to
understand, lacking
organization and/or
excessively technical.
Missing description of
x-axis, y-axis, main
result, and/or take-
home message.
Shows moderate
understanding of the
result(s).
Language lacks clarity
or is too technical.
Missing description
of x-axis, y-axis,
main result, or take-
home message.
Evidence of some
gaps in
understanding of the
result.
Writing shows minor
issues with clarity
and/or accessibility.
Defines x and y
axis. Describes
main result clearly
and succinctly.
“Take-home
message” captures
the essence of the
finding.
Writing is clear and
appropriate for lay
audience.
4 Incorrect or absent Selects an appropriate
main finding. Alternative
explanation is
implausible, inadequately
considered, and/or not
scientifically-based.
Selects an
appropriate main
finding. Alternative
explanation is
plausible, well-
considered, and
rooted in science.
--- ---
PSYC3320 (A11) Research Paper Analysis – Rubric
Pg. 2 of 2
5 Incorrect or absent Selects an appropriate
main finding. Makes a
vague or superficial
connection to course
material. Shows limited
understanding of both
the paper and related
course material.
Selects an
appropriate main
finding. Makes a
thoughtful, well-
reasoned connection
to course material.
Shows strong
understanding of both
the paper and related
course materials.
--- ---
6 Incorrect or absent.
Implications are
implausible,
generic, and/or do
not follow from the
results.
Demonstrates clear
understanding of the
overall significance of the
findings. Well-considered
real-world application or
explanation of everyday
phenomenon. Strong
connection to study
results.
Well-considered real-
world application or
explanation of
everyday
phenomenon. Strong
connection to study
results. Demonstrates
clear understanding of
the overall
significance of the
findings.
--- ---
DaniaRole of Advanced Practice NursingAccording to the Flor

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DaniaRole of Advanced Practice NursingAccording to the Flor

  • 1. Dania Role of Advanced Practice Nursing According to the Florida Board of Nursing, advanced registered nurse practitioners (ARNPs) can prescribe patients with controlled substances that are listed in the schedule II, III and IV which are well described in s. 893.03 Florida Statutes. Before doing so, they are to participate in three-hour training sessions which would help them implement the right strategies (Florida Board of Nursing, 2016). For APRNs to provide the right prescriptions to their patients they are necessitate to analyze and describe patient’s health problems. They are also required to fill their patients with enough knowledge regarding the drugs side effects and how they are supposed to take them (Pigman et al., 2016). As well-known medical practitioners should ensure that after a patient receives a drug, its use is well achieved. As stated by the state requirements an APRN should also do the same to make sure that the drug given achieves the goal it it supposed to achieve (Kooienga and Wilkinson, 2017). There are numerous barriers that inhibit APRN practitioners from carrying out their prescriptions roles as required. First, there are various programs that may be directed towards the deliverance of health care services that are of high quality. But the problem comes in when the leaders of these programs fail to equip APRNs with advanced skills for dealing with them. Lack of enough knowledge and negative perceptions towards the same may inhibit them from performing their prescription roles. Secondly, state license restrictions may limit APRNs from fully participating in their practices as required because most boards only allow they to take part in one nursing practice role depending on the concerted agreement (Reynolds et al., 2021). When prescribing medication to patients ARNPs have a great role and responsibility. Their role depends on state laws
  • 2. which are associated with the prescriptive authority provided to them (Florida Board of Nursing, 2016). After and before prescribing APRNs have the role of ensuring that all the drugs are taken at the right time and that the patients know of their side effects. To be on the safer side all APRNs must be responsible while prescribing drugs as this is in all of the patients benefit. To add on that every practitioner who needs to prescribe medication must be registered by the United States drug enforcement administration. They should also have an experience of two years in terms of the drugs they purchase, distribute, administer and dispense (Florida Board of Nursing, 2016). References Reynolds, A. M., Reynolds, C. J., & Craig-Rodriguez, A. (2021). APRNs' controlled substance prescribing and readiness following Florida legislative changes. The Nurse Practitioner, 46(6), 48-55. Pigman, Campbell, and others. (2016). HB 423 – Access to Health Care Services. Retrieved from https://www.flsenate.gov/Committees/BillSummaries/2016/html /1424 Florida Board of Nursing. (2016, April). Important Legislative Update Regarding HB 423. Retrieved from https://floridasnursing.gov/new-legislation-impacting-your- profession/ Kooienga, S., & Wilkinson, J. (2017, January). RN prescribing: an expanded role for nursing. In Nursing forum (Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 3-11). LAURA Role of advanced practice nursing in safe prescribing. Advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) have become an essential part of the health care community because of the growing demand for primary care. They are registered nurses who have prescriptive authority and advanced training in the
  • 3. prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of illnesses (OLU, Alison & Oldman, 2022). In the state of Florida, the statuses mandate these advanced professionals to be in line with the supervisory standards when prescribing controlled substances. This entails the professions having training about self-prescribing and any effective implementation based on similar strategies. The APRNs do the evaluation and definition of the issues facing the patients in order to give prescriptions that are free of errors. They should also provide the needed knowledge to the patients concerning any warnings and how the prescribed medicines should be taken. In addition, they do regular monitoring of the patients they correctly benefit from the provided prescriptions. Prescribing barriers for APRNs. Even though APRNs are authorized to prescribe, there are a number of barriers limiting their autonomy. Some of these barriers are: 1. Policy restrictions on APRN practice In some cases, state licensure hinders these professionals from engaging entirely based on their academic qualifications. As a result, their engagement in one of the NP roles can only be based on collaborative agreements. 1. APRN-physician relations These professionals, in many cases, lack full autonomy from physicians. In the state of Florida, the conditions they work under are controlled, and they are required to work with the physicians to describe. 1. The barrier of payer policies Certain payer policies dissuade APRNs from participating in health care delivery activities at their full capacity, despite their training and licensure (Schirle, Norful, Rudner & Poghosyan, 2018). In some cases, scope-of-practice policies limit practitioners' duties to certain roles. For example, a majority of private payers require APRNs to work under a physician in order to be compensated, which results in an extremely restricted scope of practice for APRNs.
  • 4. REFERENCES OLU, Alison, & Oldman. (2022). The Role of the Advanced Nurse Practitioner. Retrieved 10 January 2022, from https://www.independentnurse.co.uk/blogs-article/the-role-of- the-advanced-nurse-practitioner/213167/ Schirle, L., Norful, A., Rudner, N., & Poghosyan, L. (2018). Organizational facilitators and barriers to optimal APRN practice: An integrative review. Health Care Management Review, 45(4), 311-320. doi: 10.1097/hmr.0000000000000229 LESPERANCE Role of APRNs In Safe Prescribing Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRN) play an integral part in the healthcare system by prescribing safe medicines to the patient population and by offering various other healthcare services to the public. Prescribing the right medicine at the right dosage is a complex and an essential concept in healthcare
  • 5. system as it helps in improving the health of the patients by alleviating their pain conditions (Cardiff et al., 2018). It also helps in avoiding unnecessary medical expenses and poor health outcomes in a community. The APRNs are equipped with special education and training to prescribe the right medicines to the patient population for enhancing the overall health outcomes. They guide the healthcare facilities in offering the right prescription to the patients by keeping both the nurses and the patients safe from healthcare adversaries. However, each state in the US differs in providing licensure to the APRNs in terms of safe prescription (Tilley et al., 2019). According to the 893 Section 03 Florida Statutes of standards and schedules, the APRNs are authorized to prescribe the patients with controlled drugs and substances under the supervisory standards and by abiding to the ethical guidelines. These registered nurse practitioners are equipped with the adequate skills, knowledge, and training to prevent, diagnose, order tests, and treat patients from various infections and diseases. Their position in the nursing community offers them with the legal rights to prescribe the most appropriate medicines and treat the patients in a safe and effective manner (Woo et al., 2017). Additionally, the APRNs are also involved in monitoring the health of the patients frequently after the administration of the prescribed drugs. In general, APRNs offer safe, effective, high quality and patient-centered care through the right prescription of medicines to the patient. As a primary healthcare service provider, autonomy is regarded as the central concept of APRNs. Even though the APRNs possess the authority to prescribe medicines, there are certain cases, where they experience barriers in prescribing medicines for the patients. These barriers limit the registered nurses from being independent in prescribing the patients with the right medications. Failing to prescribe timely medicines in primary care settings causes the APRNs a lack in delivering high quality care services and also delays the process of receiving timely treatment to the patients while waiting for confirmation and
  • 6. agreement from the physician who is in collaborative working terms with the APRN. These kinds of barriers impose a huge burden upon the people especially among those living in rural areas and those belonging to the underserved population i n a community. These prescribing barriers are also involved in increasing the medical costs which makes the patients and the tax payers difficult to pay the expenditure. One of the most important barriers that are widely observed is the state licensure restrictions. As per this barrier, the registered nurses are restricted to serve the community independently, besides their educational qualifications and other professional eligibilities. In Florida, the APRNs are allowed to work under controlled conditions through a collaborative association with a physician for prescribing the medicines. Another barrier that the APRNs face in prescribing medicines is their poor skills and lack of adequate training. This prevents them from offering high quality services to the public. Hence, it is essential that the APRNs should be well-equipped and trained in order to perform their role well and to provide safe and effective prescription of medicines to the patients. Third important prescribing barrier noted among APRNs includes certain healthcare policies that inhibit the registered nurses to actively engage in their professional functions and responsibilities to the full potential. Unfavorable working conditions, dissatisfaction in job, and certain practice policies causes the APRNs to perform their role effectively which in turn results in poor patient outcomes. Hence, in order to enhance the health conditions of the people in a healthcare system, it is essential that these barriers for prescribing medicines by the APRNs be removed (Bates and Martin- Misener, 2021). References Bates, A. E., & Martin-Misener, R. (2021). Facilitators and barriers to nurse practitioners prescribing methadone for opioid use disorder in Nova Scotia: A qualitative study. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 084456212199622.
  • 7. https://doi.org/10.1177/0844562121996222 Cardiff, L. M., Lum, E. P. M., Mitchell, C., Nissen, L. M., Patounas, M. P., & McBride, L.-J. (2018). Teaching the principles of safe prescribing to a mixed profession postgraduate cohort: Program development. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 11, 635–644. https://doi.org/10.2147/jmdh.s169424 Tilley, E., Hamilton-Jones, M., & McNabb, A. (2019). Nurse practitioners’ safe prescribing of controlled substances and the impact on Nursing Education in Ontario. Journal of Nursing Regulation, 9(4), 42–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2155- 8256(19)30015-8 Woo, B. F., Lee, J. X., & Tam, W. W. (2017). The impact of the advanced practice nursing role on quality of care, clinical outcomes, patient satisfaction, and cost in the emergency and critical care settings: A systematic review. Human Resources for Health, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-017-0237-9 AYMEE Role of Advanced Practice Nurse in Safe Prescribing APRNs derive their prescriptive authority from legal provisions contained in the laws of the State of Florida. Chapter 893 Section 03 of the 2018 Florida Statute defines the supervisory and prescription standards that APRNs must adhere to before prescribing medication (Toney-Butler & Martin, 2018). However, APRNs must attend 3-hour training sessions. These sessions provide practitioners with vital skills in the safe prescription of medication. In addition, APRNs acquire
  • 8. competence to effectively implement the associated Statute's provisions. The Statute expects APRNs to evaluate and define the unique health issues affecting patients before prescribing any medication. It also requires APRNs to educate patients about the associated contraindications of administered or recommended prescriptions. Moreover, its provisions encourage APRNs to regularly monitor patients to ensure that they benefit from the intended benefits of prescribed medications. Additional provisions of the Statute emphasize the centrality of APRNs in the prescription of medicines (Florida Board of Nursing, 2016). Accordingly, the Statute expands the scope of APRNs in the safe prescription of medication by requiring these practitioners to adhere to similar standards as physicians. The expansion of the role of the nurse results in an alteration of the scope of practices traditionally delegated only to doctors, as is the case of the prescription of drugs. The defense of the representative entities of nursing, refers to a defense of the profession's own autonomy and should not be construed as a threat to other categories. The responsibility for the final decision on which drug to use and how to use it is the hands of APRN prescriber (Moser & Robinson, 2016). Prescribing Barriers for APRNs Several barriers diminish the ability of APRNs to safely and effectively prescribe medication. The first primary barrier is stringent state licensure regulations, which prohibit APRNs from prescribing medication based on their educational qualifications (Hain & Fleck, 2014). State regulations only allow APRNs to prescribe within the scope of their nursing practitioner (NP) roles and training. A second barrier is the level of education of an APRN. Presently inadequacies of nursing training programs reduce the ability of APRNs to provide advanced healthcare services (Hain & Fleck, 2014). Adverse perceptions of their nursing role, poor working conditions, and knowledge deficiencies further exacerbate this barrier resulting in a diminished ability of practitioners to prescribe safely. Finally, health insurance provider policies
  • 9. often dissuade APRNs from accomplishing their role in writing prescriptions in clinical settings (Hain & Fleck, 2014). For example, a variety of practice policies limits practitioners to nursing positions based on training, knowledge, experience, and licensure statutes. Subsequently, the interaction of these barriers and individual nursing perceptions complicates the APRNs' ability to deliver effective healthcare services during practice. References Florida Board of Nursing (2016). Important legislative update regarding HB 423. Retrieved from https://floridasnursing.gov/new-legislation-impacting-your- profession/ Hain, D., & Fleck, L. (2014). Barriers to NP practice that impact healthcare redesign. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 19(2). doi:10.3912/ojin. vol19no02man02 Moser, T., & Robinson, M.V. (2016). Pharmacotherapeutics for Advance Practice Nurse Prescribers. (4th ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company. Toney-Butler, T. J., & Martin, R. L. (2021). Florida Nurse Practice Act Laws and Rules. Treasure Island, FL: Stat Pearls Publishi ADELISA Role of Advanced Practice Nursing in Safe Prescribing An advanced practice nurse plays a critical role in the country's health sector. Nurses deliver a universal viewpoint and personal touch to health care by combining clinical competence in diagnosing and treating health issues, emphasizing disease prevention and health management. An advanced practice nurse can prescribe medications for patients based on the current legislation. For example, Florida State passed the law in April 2016 authorizing nurse practitioners to prescribe controlled substances. The law now allows an Advanced Registered Nurse Practitioner who is also a psychiatric nurse to prescribe certain controlled substances (Reynolds et al., 2021)
  • 10. Nurse practitioners, however, face prescribing obstacles. For example, state license governs nurse practitioners practice and serves as a roadblock to nurses practicing to the full extent of their training. It means that the practitioners licensing and practice laws differ by state, despite a full practice authority- a collection of state practices and licensing rules that permit nurse practitioners to prescribe medications. Still, the issue is that most of the country has not adopted the full practice authority. They result in little practice and licensing, implying that nurses can perform at least one aspect of their training under supervision (Germack, 2021). Furthermore, some physicians, such as the American Medical Association, consider nurse practitioners incapable of providing excellent, safe care, as compared to them, since they have more extensive training than nurse practitioners (Germack, 2021). Payer policies are another major barrier. Nurses believe that it substantially impacts their capacity to explore their potentials. The degree of nurses to practice independently may be limited in their scope of practice if restricted. According to the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, a prescription is a part of a nurse scope of practice. Therefore prescribing is neither a separate act from nurse practitioners practice. References Germack, H. D. (2021). States Should Remove Barriers to Advanced Practice Registered Nurse Prescriptive Authority to Increase Access to Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 22(2), 85-92. Reynolds, A. M., Reynolds, C. J., & Craig-Rodriguez, A. (2021). APRNs' controlled substance prescribing and readiness following Florida legislative changes. The Nurse Practitioner, 46(6), 48-55. LUANDA Advanced Registered Nurse Practitioners (ARNPs) are involved in the safe prescribing of control substances listed in Schedule
  • 11. II, III, or IV as defined in section 893.03 of Florida Statutes. APRNs provide patients with relevant information concerning medications, such as warnings of side effects and instructions on how to take medications. The APRNs also provide efficient monitoring of patients on the regular basis to observe the recovery progress and detect the presence of any side effects associated with the use of drugs (Floridasnursing.gov, n.d.). To improve safety in prescribing, APRNs use appropriate tools such as prescribing software and electronic drug references that help in reducing prescription errors (Floridasnursing.gov, n.d.). These strategies have been useful in providing safe prescriptions to patients. One of the prescribing barriers for APRNs is inadequate to state practice and licensure. Some APRNs may not have a full practice, limiting them from prescribing medications (Hain & Fleck, 2014). In Florida, only licensed practitioners are allowed to prescribe medication and a few of them limit the prescription posing risks to the on-demand prescription services. Another barrier involves physician-related issues. Variations in education and training make some physicians exposed to rigorous training while others have less training, preventing them from providing quality and safe practices and prescriptions. Specifically, nurse practitioners have struggled for several years to move to full practice authority from restrictive practice in Florida because of the inadequate training and education (Hain & Fleck, 2014). With the increasing demand for primary care, there is a need for education and more training to allow APRNs to develop quality and safe care skills and knowledge. Also, payer policy is threatened (Schirle et al., 2020). The payer policies have significantly impacted APRNs' ability to practice to the fullest of their training and licensure by limiting what they can do, especially those who do not conform to the requirements of the policies (Hain & Fleck, 2014). Payer policies are among the state practice regulations and licensure. Thus, the restrictive scope of practice leads to stricter payer policies that limit APRNs from working
  • 12. independently (Hain & Fleck, 2014). In this case, the limits are applicable to those who should give prescriptions. References Florida Board of Nursing (2016). Important Legislative Update regarding HB 423. Florida Board of Nursing. https://floridasnursing.gov/new-legislation-impacting-your- profession/ Hain, D., & Fleck, L. (2014). Barriers to nurse practitioner practice that impact healthcare redesign. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol19No02Man02 Schirle, L., Norful, A. A., Rudner, N., & Poghosyan, L. (2020). Organizational facilitators and barriers to optimal APRN practice: An integrative review. Health Care Management Review, 45(4), 311-320. https://www.nppostgradtraining.com/wp- content/uploads/2020/08/Organizational_facilitators_and_barrie rs_to.99685.pdf PSYC3320 (A11) Summer 2021 1 Research Paper Analysis As a consumer of scientific knowledge, it is important that you learn how to thoroughly read, understand, and critically evaluate original studies, even if
  • 13. you are not an expert in the particular field. In this assignment, you will review and analyze an original psychopharmacology study. The learning outcomes related to this assignment include: gaining knowledge related to psychopharmacology, critically evaluating research in the area, developing written communication, and (if you choose to work with others) applying teamwork and collaboration skills. The assignment can be completed independently or in small groups of 2-5. There are two steps to the Research Paper Analysis assignment: (1) Select an article and email your selection to the instructor. If you choose to work with one or more of your classmates, be sure to include their full name(s) in the body of the email and copy them on the email. DUE: 11 June 2021 by 11:59 pm PST (2) Complete and submit your assignment as a single Word document on Moodle DUE: 16 July 2021 by 11:59 pm PST Please respond to the questions below in relation to your chosen article. There are no word or space limits, but it is always prudent to write clearly and succinctly. 1. Suggest a new declarative title for this article and explain why you think it is
  • 14. better. Your new title and rationale should be based on science and/or specific findings from the study [2 pts.] 2. Explain the methodology (i.e., how the experiment was performed) using lay terms. The important thing here is to not simply paraphrase the methods; instead, ensure that you have a thorough understanding of what the experimenters did and then, using your own words, distill the main points into a description that an average person could understand [2 pts] 3. Choose one figure from the article and explain it as if you were communicating to an undergraduate student who does not have much psychopharmacology knowledge. Be sure to go over each axis including units of measurement, describe what the data in the graph are showing, and state a “take home message” [4 pts] 4. Choose one of the main findings (e.g., relating to one particular figure) and offer an alternative explanation for the results, which has not been raised by the study authors [2 pts] 5. Relate the findings from this article to something you have learned about in the
  • 15. course (textbook, lectures and/or seminars) [2 pts] PSYC3320 (A11) Summer 2021 2 6. Well-designed studies with impactful results typically enhance our understanding of everyday phenomena or offer practical applications. Describe a real-world implication of the study’s findings (that was not mentioned by the authors themselves!) [2 pts] APA Formatting: 1 point will be deducted if the assignment is lacking proper APA 7 formatting elements, including title page, appropriate citation, and/or reference page. Group submissions: If students choose to work with others, they must set up the groups themselves. Those who submit an assignment together will all receive the same mark.
  • 16. PSYC3320 (A11) Research Paper Analysis – Rubric Pg. 1 of 2 Question 0 pt 1 pt 2 pt 3 pt 4 pt 1 Incorrect or absent Presents a reasonable new title that is declarative (i.e., states the results of the study) + Rationale is based on specific findings from the study. Demonstrates some improvement in title. --- --- 2 Limited description of methods used. Demonstrates minimal understanding of methodology. Writing difficult to understand, lacking organization, and/or excessively technical. Minor inaccuracies in description of methodology. Evidence
  • 17. of some gaps in understanding of the methodology. Writing is limited by disorganization, excessively technical style and/or jargon. Describes all aspects of methodology are described. Demonstrates thorough understanding of the paradigm, timeline, etc. Writing is clear and relatable. --- --- 3 Incorrect or absent Limited description of figure. Demonstrates minimal understanding of result(s). Writing difficult to understand, lacking organization and/or excessively technical. Missing description of x-axis, y-axis, main result, and/or take- home message. Shows moderate understanding of the
  • 18. result(s). Language lacks clarity or is too technical. Missing description of x-axis, y-axis, main result, or take- home message. Evidence of some gaps in understanding of the result. Writing shows minor issues with clarity and/or accessibility. Defines x and y axis. Describes main result clearly and succinctly. “Take-home message” captures the essence of the finding. Writing is clear and appropriate for lay audience. 4 Incorrect or absent Selects an appropriate main finding. Alternative explanation is implausible, inadequately considered, and/or not scientifically-based. Selects an
  • 19. appropriate main finding. Alternative explanation is plausible, well- considered, and rooted in science. --- --- PSYC3320 (A11) Research Paper Analysis – Rubric Pg. 2 of 2 5 Incorrect or absent Selects an appropriate main finding. Makes a vague or superficial connection to course material. Shows limited understanding of both the paper and related course material. Selects an appropriate main finding. Makes a thoughtful, well- reasoned connection to course material. Shows strong understanding of both the paper and related course materials.
  • 20. --- --- 6 Incorrect or absent. Implications are implausible, generic, and/or do not follow from the results. Demonstrates clear understanding of the overall significance of the findings. Well-considered real-world application or explanation of everyday phenomenon. Strong connection to study results. Well-considered real- world application or explanation of everyday phenomenon. Strong connection to study results. Demonstrates clear understanding of the overall significance of the findings. --- ---