The document describes a biology project on the urinary system created by Marcos Okecki and Olivia Obligado. It includes: 1) A list and brief descriptions of the major organs in the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. 2) Details on the structure and functions of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. It also discusses common issues that can arise with each organ. 3) A description of their model of the urinary system created from discarded materials like cardboard, paint, straws, and cans to represent the kidneys, veins, arteries, and other organs.

1. Final Biology Project Work
By: Marcos Okecki and Olivia Obligado

2. Organs Of the Urinary System
● Kidneys
● Ureters
● Bladder
● Urthra
● Renal veins
● Renal arteries
● Inferior vena cava
● Abdominal aorta

3. Kidneys
The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs that extract waste from blood, balance body
fluids, from urine, and aid in other important functions of the body. When it comes to
components of the urinary system, the kidneys are multi-functional powerhouses of
activity. Some of the core actions of the kidneys include:
● Waste excretion
● Water level balancing
● Blood pressure regulation
● Red blood cell regulation
● Acid regulation

4. Reasons of kidneys inconvenients
Most people are born with two kidneys, but many people can live on just one. Kidney transplant surgeries with live
donors are common medical procedures today.Because of all of the vital functions the kidneys perform and the
toxins they encounter, the kidneys are susceptible to various problems.Acute kidney failure is a condition in which
the kidneys suddenly lose their ability to function properly. This can occur for many reasons, including:
● Infection
● Blood-clotting disorders
● Decreased blood flow caused by low blood pressure
● Autoimmune kidney disorders
● Urinary tract infections
● Complications from pregnancy
● Dehydration

5. Ureters
The ureter is a tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. There are two
ureters, one attached to each kidney. The upper half of the ureter is located in the abdomen
and the lower half is located in the pelvic area. The ureter is about 10 to 12 inches long in
the average adult. The tube has thick walls composed of a fibrous, a muscular, and a
mucus coat, which are able to contract. Ureteral disorders include:
● Duplication of the ureter
● Ureteropelvic junction obstruction
● Ureterovesical junction obstruction

6. Bladder
The urinary bladder is a muscular sac in the pelvis, just above and behind the pubic bone. When empty, the bladder
is about the size and shape of a pear.The bladder stores urine, allowing urination to be infrequent and voluntary. The
bladder is lined by layers of muscle tissue that stretch to accommodate urine. The normal capacity of the bladder is
400 to 600 mL.
During urination, the bladder muscles contract, and two sphincters (valves) open to allow urine to flow out. Urine
exits the bladder into the urethra, which carries urine out of the body.
Some Bladder Conditions:
● Urinary stones: Stones (calculi) may form in the kidney and travel down to the bladder. If calculi block urine
flow to or from the bladder, they can cause severe pain.
● Bladder cancer: A tumor in the bladder is usually discovered after blood is noticed in the urine. Cigarette
smoking and workplace chemical exposures cause most cases of bladder cancer.
● Urinary incontinence: Involuntary urination, which may be chronic. Urinary incontinence can result from a
variety of causes.

7. Urethra
The urethra is the passageway between the bladder and the external part of the body, which allows urine to be
excreted from the body.The urethra is a thin, fibromuscular tube that begins at the lower opening of the bladder and
extends through the pelvic and urogenital diaphragms to the outside of the body, called the external urethral orifice.
Female Urethra: The female urethra is quite a bit shorter than its male counterpart and its opening is situated between
a woman's clitoris and vagina. Infection is more common in the female urethra. The most common condition is
called urethritis, which involves inflammation and painful urination.
Male Urethra: For males, this tube travels the length of the penis and serves a dual purpose; it is a conduit for both
urine and semen ejaculation.

8. Renal Veins
There are two renal veins, a left and a right. They branch off the inferior vena cava and
drain oxygen-depleted blood from the kidneys.
As they enter the kidneys, each vein separates into two parts. The posterior veins assist in
draining the back section of each kidney, while the anterior veins assist the front part.
These veins also are responsible for draining blood from the ureter, which transports urine
away from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

9. Some Diseases of Renal Veins
There are two notable diseases that involve the renal veins.
● If a clot develops, this can cause renal vein thrombosis (RVT).
● Another issue is nutcracker syndrome (NCS), which occurs when one of the renal
veins is compressed between the abdominal aorta and the superior mesenteric artery.

10. Renal Arteries
There are two blood vessels leading off from the abdominal aorta that go to the kidneys. The renal artery is one of
these two blood vessels.
The renal artery enters through the hilum, which is located where the kidney curves inward in a concave shape.
Under normal circumstances, once the renal artery enters through the hilum, it splits into two main branches, which
each then split into numerous smaller arteries, which deliver blood to different areas of the kidneys, known as
nephrons.
Once the blood has been processed here, it is sent back through the renal vein to the inferior vena cava and to the
right side section of the heart. A normal person's kidneys receive approximately a quarter of the heart's blood output,
or 1.2 liters of blood each minute. The body has self-regulating mechanisms in place, which increase or decrease the
flow of blood to adapt to stress. Receptors located in the smooth muscle wall of the renal artery allow the arteries to
expand or contract to compensate for high or low blood pressure.

11. Inferior Vena Cava
The inferior vena cava is a large vein that carries de-oxygenated blood from the lower body to the heart.
De-oxygenated blood means most of the oxygen has been removed by tissues, and therefore the blood is darker. This
blood comes from the legs and the lower torso of the body. The inferior vena cava empties into the right atrium of
the heart. The right atrium is located on the lower right back side of the heart.
The inferior vena cava runs posterior, or behind, the abdominal cavity. This vein also runs alongside the right
vertebral column of the spine. The inferior vena cava is the result of two major leg veins coming together. These leg
veins are called iliac veins. The iliac veins come together at the small of the back, at the fifth lumbar vertebra. Once
the iliac veins have merged, the inferior vena cava begins to transport blood to the heart.

12. Abdominal Aorta
The abdominal aorta is the largest artery in the abdomen that provides blood to the organs
and tissues of the abdomen, pelvis, and legs. It descends from the thorax as a continuation
of the thoracic aorta and branches several times to form the major arteries of the abdomen.
Because the aorta is the body's main supplier of blood, a ruptured abdominal aortic
aneurysm can cause life-threatening bleeding.
Once an abdominal aortic aneurysm is found, doctors will closely monitor it so that
surgery can be planned if it's necessary. Emergency surgery for a ruptured abdominal
aortic aneurysm can be risky.

13. Urinary System Model
Here is our model:

14. Process Of The Work
In the final biology project where we have to describe the organs of the urinary system, but only with information that we
really understand and also assemble a model showing the urinary system made with garbage, for this part of the project we
decided to put different materials that have been already discarded in our homes without a future use to present the work.
On the basis of cardboard we draw with a marker the shape of the human body where this process takes place, and we
paint some parts of red to make the psoas major muscle look more realistic. In the middle, to make the inferior vena cava
we painted a cardboard tube of blue and in the lower part we put also blue cables in an arched shape, next to it to make the
abdominal aorta we made a roll of red cardboard. To place the renal vein and the renal artery we used straws of their
respective colors that crossed the inferior vena cava and the abdominal aorta connecting them with the kidneys made with
coca cola cans. Above these, we put pieces of sponge to represent the adrenal glands. From the kidneys also comes the
ureter that is placed with two white wires, connecting them with the urinary bladder that is represented with a small red
purse and in the bottom of it the urethra is placed with the same purse, but in a more extended shape. Finally, to make the
uterus we put a little plastic in a rectangle shape.