This document provides an overview of advanced APA citation rules. It reviews why citations are important and discusses citing direct quotes, paraphrases, and ideas from other works. The document explains how to construct citations for various source types like journal articles, books, reports, and websites. It provides examples of citing sources with missing information like those without authors or dates. The document also addresses citing personal communications, secondary sources, interviews, blog posts, videos, and citations within quotations.

1. Cite It Right!
Advanced
Fall 2011

2. Objectives
• Review why we cite
• Learn some ‘advanced’ APA citation rules
• Construct some citations for non-standard
resources

3. What is APA?
APA = American Psychological Association
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association is a style manual that provides guidance
and standards in:
• research ethics
• the publication process
• article format and presentation
• AND

4. Why do we cite?
• Citations demonstrate how you developed
your argument and ideas from the ideas of
others
• Citations give credit where credit is due
• Citations give the reader of your work a path
to the sources you used, so they can
investigate those sources if interested
(Mohanty et al., 2009)

5. Why do we cite?
• If you don’t acknowledge other people’s
work, words or ideas you commit plagiarism
“Penalties for plagiarism serve both to educate students
about standards of scholarship and to deter deception and
poor scholarly practices. Penalties will reflect the
seriousness of the offence; including whether the offence
was intentional or unintentional and whether it was a first
or a repeat offence” (Okanagan College, 2010, Penalties
section, para. 1 ).
Okanagan College Academic Offenses regulations and policies

6. What do we cite?
• Direct quotes
• Paraphrases
• Words or terminology specific to or unique to the
author’s research, theories, or ideas
• Use of an author's argument or line of thinking
• Historical, statistical, or scientific facts
• Graphs, drawings, etc.
• Articles or studies you refer to in your work
(Mohanty et al., 2009)

7. How do we cite?
Refer to APA resources to determine citation style.
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
6th ed., second printing
Available at all OC Library campuses; Call no. BF 76.7 .P83 2009
OC Library APA style guide webpage
• PDF and HTML versions of most common APA examples
• other APA resources, including apastyle.org
Important: The APA manual is the definitive source of APA citation
information. If a resource contradicts the manual – use the manual.

8. How do we cite?
What is it?
• Journal article
• Book
• Report
Building blocks?
What format? • Author(s)
• Print • Publication date
• Electronic/Online • Title
• DVD/CD • Publication information
• Format-specific details
(i.e. page numbers, doi)

9. How do we cite?
But … what if there’s a missing building block?
• No author?
• No date?

10. Example

11. How do we cite?
No author / no date: Some APA rules to note
• “In a reference to a work with no author move the title to the author
position, before the date of publication … A period follows the
title.”(APA, 2009, p. 184).
• “If no date is available, write n.d. in parentheses.”(APA, 2009, p. 185).
• Follow rules appropriate to resource type.

12. How do we cite?
Web page: Some APA rules to note
• Non periodical title: “Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the
subtitle, if any, and any proper nouns; italicize the title (APA, 2009, p. 185).
• Title: “Articles found on the web … are not italicized in the reference entry
… just like a newspaper or magazine article. Reports found on the web
would be italicized in the reference list,” (“How do you reference,” n.d.).
About Okanagan College. (n.d.).

13. How do we cite?
Web page: Some APA rules to note
• Provide direct URL (see example in “How do you reference” (n.d.).
• “Do no include retrieval dates unless the source material may change over
time (e.g., Wikis)” (APA, 2009, p. 192).
About Okanagan College. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.okanagan.bc.ca/about.html

14. How do we cite?
In text
• In text: “References … are cited in text with an author date citation
system” (APA, 2009, p. 174).
• “When a work has no identified author, cite in text the first few words
of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year. Use double
quotation marks around the title of an article, a chapter, or a web page
and italicize the title of a periodical, a book, a brochure, or a report”
(APA, 2009, p. 176).
(“About Okanagan,” n.d.)
“About Okanagan” (n.d.)

15. How do we cite?
In text
• Direct quotes: “always provide the author, year, and specific page citation
or paragraph number for nonpaginated material” (APA, 2009, p. 170).
• “Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers. If paragraph
numbers are visible, use them… Use the abbreviation para.” (APA, 2009, p.
172).
• “If the document includes headings and neither paragraph nor page
numbers are visible, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph
following it to direct the reader to the location of the quoted material”
(APA, 2009, p. 172).
• “In some cases … headings may be too unwieldy to cite in full. Instead, use
a short title enclosed in quotation marks for the parenthetical citation”
(APA, 2009, p. 172).
• For more direction, visit APAstyle.org’s FAQ on citing website material.

16. How do we cite?
In text
“direct quote” (“About Okanagan,” n.d., “History of,” para. 2).

17. How do we cite?
How do I cite a source I found in another source?

18. Example

19. How do we cite?
Secondary source: Some APA rules to note
• “Use secondary sources sparingly, for instance, when the original
work is out of print, unavailable through usual sources, or not available
in English. Give the secondary source in the reference list; in text, name
the original work and give a citation for the secondary source”
(APA, 2009, p. 178 ).
• For more direction, visit APAstyle.org’s blogpost on secondary
sources.
Secondary source = McCallum (2007)
Original source = Whyte (1930)

20. How do we cite?
Secondary source
Reference list citation:
McCallum, T. (2007). Vancouver through the eyes of a hobo:
Experience, identity, and value in the writing of Canada's depression-
era tramps. Labour/Le Travail, 59, 43-68. Retrieved from
http://www.cclh.ca/llt/index.php
In text citation:
Whyte’s letter reveals the desperate conditions of Vancouver in the 1930s
(as cited in McCallum, 2007).

21. How do we cite?
What do I do with a citation in a quotation?

22. How do we cite?
Citations within quotations: Some APA rules to note
• “Do not omit citations embedded within the original material you are
quoting. The works cited need not be included in the list of references
(unless you happen to cite them as primary sources elsewhere in your
paper” (APA, 2009, p. 173 ).

23. How do we cite?
Citations within quotations
Reference list citation:
McCallum, T. (2007). Vancouver through the eyes of a hobo:
Experience, identity, and value in the writing of Canada's depression-
era tramps. Labour/Le Travail, 59, 43-68. Retrieved from
http://www.cclh.ca/llt/index.php
In text citation:
“Parr (1995) captures the antihumanist sentiments that inform this
critique” (McCallum, 2007, p. 46).

24. How do we cite?
How do I cite an interview/conversation?

25. How do we cite?
Personal communication: Some APA rules to note
• Personal communications
• Private letters
• Memos
• Email messages
• Personal interviews
• Telephone conversations, etc. (APA, 2009, p. 179)

26. How do we cite?
Personal communication: Some APA rules to note
• “because they do not provide recoverable data, personal
communications are not included in the reference list. Cite
personal communications in text only. Give the initials as well as
the surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as
possible” (APA, 2009, p. 179).
• “Some forms of personal communication are recoverable, and
these should be referenced as archival materials” (APA, 2009, p.
179). Examples include items from an
archive, repository, transcript of a recorded interview, photograph.

27. How do we cite?
Personal communication
In text citation:
(L. Jantzi, personal communication, October 19, 2011).
According to L. Jantzi (personal communication, October 19, 2011) …
Reference list citation: N/A

28. How do we cite?
How do I cite a blog post?

29. Example

30. How do we cite?
Blog post: Some APA rules to note
• See example in APA, 2009, p. 215
• For more direction, visit APAstyle.org’s blogpost on how to site items
found on websites.

31. How do we cite?
Blog post
Reference list citation:
Lee, C. (2010, November 18). How to cite something you found on a website in
APA style [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://blog.apastyle.org
/apastyle/2010/11 /how-to-cite-something-you-found-on-a-website-in-
apa-style.html
In text citation:
(Lee, 2010)
According to Lee (2010) …

32. How do we cite?
How do I cite streaming video?

33. Example

34. How do we cite?
Video blog post: Some APA rules to note
• See example in APA, 2009, p. 215
• For more direction, visit APAstyle.org’s blogpost on how to site items
found on websites.

35. How do we cite?
Video blog post
Reference list citation:
PsycINFO. (2009, November 23). How to find DOIs in APA PsycINFO
[Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9Afmknkzeo
In text citation:
(PsycINFO, 2009).
According PsycINFO (2009) …

36. How do we cite?
References
About Okanagan College. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.okanagan.bc.ca/about.html
Lee, C. (2010, November 18). How to cite something you found on a website in APA style [Web
log post]. Retrieved from http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/11 /how-to-cite-
something-you-found-on-a-website-in-apa-style.html
McCallum, T. (2007). Vancouver through the eyes of a hobo: Experience, identity, and value in
the writing of Canada's depression-era tramps. Labour/Le Travail, 59, 43-68.
Retrieved from http://www.cclh.ca/llt/index.php
PsycINFO. (2009, November 23). How to find DOIs in APA PsycINFO [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9Afmknkzeo

37. Remember
• Give credit where credit is due
• Consult OC Library APA Citation Style guide
• Consult APA Publication Manual
• If you are unable to identify a specific
example, use an example that is most like your
source
• OC Library Research Writing & Citing guide
• Ask!

38. References
American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. Washington, DC:
Author.
Mohanty , S., Orphanides, A., Rumble, J., Roberts, D., Norberg, L., Vassiliadis, K. (2009). University libraries' citing information
tutorial. Retrieved from http://www.lib.unc.edu /instruct/citations/introduction/
Okanagan College. (2010). Academic offenses. Retrieved from http://webapps1.okanagan.bc.ca/ok/calendar
/Calendar.aspx?page=AcademicOffenses
LJ | 10/18/2011