3. GENETICS
-a discipline of biology.
-the science of genes, heredity, a
nd variation in living organisms
and deals with the molecular
structure and function of
genes, gene behavior in context of
a cell.
4. HYBRIDIZATION
-to produce offspring from two organisms
of a different variety, breed or species.
-It can be induced naturally, such as the
natural crossbreeding of two different
flower varieties through wind
pollination, or manipulated through
genetic implantations by humans. Humans
can manipulate genetics to create hybrids
by either placing two different species of
an animal or plant on the same confinement
and waiting for them to breed, or
implanting hybridized genes into a
developing fetus or sex cell.
7. Gregor Johann Mendel
-scientist and Augustinian friar who gained posthumous fame as
the founder of the new science of genetics.
-Mendel demonstrated that the inheritance of certain traits
in pea plants follows particular patterns, now referred to as the
laws of Mendelian inheritance.
-Gregor Mendel, who is known as the "father of modern
genetics."
8. Hugo Marie de Vries
-Dutch botanist and one of the first geneticists. He
is known chiefly for suggesting the concept
of genes, rediscovering the laws of heredity in the
1890s while unaware of Gregor Mendel's work, for
introducing the term "mutation", and for developing
a mutation theory of evolution.
9. William Bateson
-Englishgeneticist and a Fellow of St.
John's College, Cambridge. He was the
first person to use the term genetics to
describe the study
of heredity and biological
inheritance, and the chief populariser of
the ideas of Gregor Mendel following
their rediscovery in 1900 by Hugo de
Vries and Carl Correns.
10. Alfred Henry Sturtevant
-He was an American geneticist
Sturtevant constructed the first
genetic map of a chromosome in 1913.
Throughout his career he worked on the
organism Drosophila
melanogaster with Thomas Hunt Morgan.
By watching the development of flies in
which the earliest cell division
produced two different genomes, he
measured the embryonic distance between
organs in a unit which is called
the sturt in his honor. In
1967, Sturtevant received the National
Medal of Science.
11. Ronald Aylmer Fisher
-Fisher was an ardent promoter
of eugenics, which also stimulated and
guided much of his work in the genetics of
humans. His book The Genetical Theory of
Natural Selection was started in 1928 and
published in 1930. It contained a summary of
what was already known to the literature. He
developed ideas on sexual
selection, mimicry and the evolution of
dominance.
12. -He famously showed that the probability of
a mutation increasing the fitness of an
organism decreases proportionately with the
magnitude of the mutation. He also proved
that larger populations carry more
variation so that they have a larger chance
of survival. He set forth the foundations
of what was to become known as population
genetics.
13. Frederick Griffith
-was a British bacteriologist whose focus
was the epidemiology and pathology of
bacterial pneumonia.
-He showed that Streptococcus
pneumoniae, implicated in many cases
of lobar pneumonia, could transform from
one strain into a different strain. The
observation was attributed to an
unidentified transforming
principle or transforming factor. This
was later identified as DNA.
15. 1. Behavioral Genetics- examines the role
of genetics in animal (including human) be
havior.
2. Classical Genetics- consists of the
technique and methodologies
of genetics that predate the advent
of molecular biology.
3. Conservation Genetics- interdisciplinary
science that aims to apply genetic methods
to the conservation and restoration of
biodiversity.
4. Ecological Genetics- study of genetics in
natural populations.
5. Genomics- discipline in genetics
concerning the study of the genomes of
organisms.
17. 1. Animal Husbandry- the agricultural practice
of breeding and raising livestock.
2. Plant Breeding- make use of a plant
experiment to know how a trait
is passed from generation to
generation.
3. Multiple-locus testing
4. Pedigree Analysis- analysis of the
members of the family.Pictorial
representation of the members of the
family.
5. Karyotyping- detect the number of
chromosomes and chromosomal
abnormalities.
19. 1. Genetic Counseling- is the process by
which patients or relatives, at risk of
an inherited disorder, are advised of the
consequences and nature of the
disorder, the probability of developing or
transmitting it, and the options open to
them in management and family planning.
This complex process can be separated into
diagnostic (the actual estimation of risk)
and supportive aspects
20. 2.Field of Medicine-example: Gene
therapy -is the use of DNA as a
pharmaceutical agent to treat disease.
It derives its name from the idea that
DNA can be used to supplement or
alter genes within an
individual’s cells as a therapy to
treat disease. The most common form of
gene therapy involves using DNA that
encodes a functional, therapeutic gene
in order to replace a mutated gene.
