Crisis financiera internacional: impacto en empleo, pobreza y desigualdad en México
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Este documento resume el impacto de la crisis financiera internacional y la recesión global en el empleo, la pobreza y la desigualdad en México. Se espera que México experimente una recesión en 2009 debido a la reducción del comercio internacional y los ingresos petroleros, aunque la recesión podría ser menor que en otras crisis pasadas. La crisis conducirá a un aumento del desempleo mundial de 20 a 25 millones de personas y podría afectar desproporcionadamente a los grupos más vulnerables, empeorando la desigualdad.
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Crisis financiera internacional: impacto en empleo, pobreza y desigualdad en México
- 1. Impacto de la crisis financiera internacional y la recesión global en el empleo, la pobreza y la desigualdad José Antonio Ardavín, OCDE Director Interino Centro de la OCDE en México para América Latina Residencia Oficial de los Pinos Ciudad de México| 30 de enero de 2009
- 2. El 2009 será un a ño dificil. Habrá recesión en casi todos los países de la OECD y una importante desaceleración en los países en desarrollo que venían siendo motores de crecimiento Composite Leading Indicators in selected countries Source: OECD Composite Leading Indicators News Release, Paris, 12 January 2009
- 3. El impacto en México, dados los sólidos fundamentales, no se dará tanto en los ámbitos financieros como … Source: OECD ECO
- 4. … dada la marcada reducción en el comercio internacional… Source: Datastream
- 5. … en la economía real que depende fuertemente de la economía de EU y de los ingresos petroleros… Source: OECD ECO
- 6. Así, se espera que si bien Mexico experimentará en 2009 una recesión, ésta, podría ser menor que la de crisis anteriores y que la de otros países, con una recuperación modesta en 2010 Source: OECD .Stat Composite Leading Indicators in Mexico and NAFTA countries
- 7. La crisis, desde luego ha comenzado a reflejarse en un deterioro de los mercados laborales… Se estima que el desempleo mundial crecerá entre 20m y 25m (8m a 10m en la OCDE), llegando a una cifra record global de 210m en 2009 Source: OECD Economic Outlook DEC 2008
- 8. … y desde luego, podría tener un impacto de mayor proporción entre los estratos de población los más vulnerables…
- 9. … impactando así en materia de desigualdad, donde desafortunadamente México no parte de una buena base, ni entre individuos…
- 10. … ni entre regiones Evolution of regional inequality
- 11. Por lo tanto, la cuestión es ¿Puede atenderse la coyuntura de la crisis, y a la vez contribuir a la solución de problemas estructurales que han causado el limitado crecimiento económico? Source: OECD Mexico Economic Survey 2007 Source: OECD ECO
- 12. Tres áreas… de oportunidad? 1. ¿El Acuerdo Nacional en Favor de la Economía Familiar y el Empleo, podría allanar el camino de una reforma laboral “express”… … que flexibilice la contratación por periodos de tiempo reducidos … que facilite la incorporación de jóvenes, mujeres y personas de la tercera edad … que evite despidos … incremente el atractivo de la formalización del empleo? Employment protection legislation index in selected countries, 2003 OECD Employment Outlook 2008 - ISBN 9789264046337 - © OECD 2008
- 13. 2. El impulso a la infraestructura orientado estratégicamente para aumentar la capacidad de generar crecimiento económico en las diversas regiones del país… Promedio Nacional 3.74%
- 14. 3. La integración paulatina y búsqueda de sinergias entre los apoyos sociales y los apoyos fiscales y de seguridad social formal Income inequality and fiscal redistribution Latin American Economic Outlook 2009 - OECD © 2008 - ISBN 9789264039179
- 15. La OCDE en la mejor disposición de coadyuvar en estas y otras áreas que permitan reducir el http://www.oecd.org/centrodemexico http://www.oecd.org/crisisresponse Impacto de la crisis financiera internacional y la recesión global en el empleo, la pobreza y la desigualdad
Notas do Editor
- OECD composite leading indicators (CLIs) for November 2008 point to deep slowdowns in the major seven economies and in major non-OECD member economies, particularly China, India and Russia. The CLI for the OECD area decreased by 1.3 point in November 2008 and was 7.3 points lower than in November 2007. The CLI for the United States fell by 1.7 point in November and was 8.7 points lower than a year ago. The Euro area’s CLI decreased by 1.1 point in November and stood 7.6 points lower than a year ago. In November, the CLI for Japan decreased by 1.6 point, and was 5.5 points lower than a year ago. The CLI for the United Kingdom fell by 0.6 point in November 2008 and was 6.7 points lower than a year ago. The CLI for Canada decreased by 1.2 point in November and was 6.1 points lower than a year ago. For France, the CLI decreased by 0.8 point in November and was 5.7 points lower than a year ago. The CLI for Germany fell by 2.0 points in November and was 10.7 points lower than a year ago. For Italy, the CLI fell by 0.2 point in November and stood 5.0 points lower than a year ago. The CLI for China decreased 3.1 points in November 2008 and was 12.9 points lower than a year ago. The CLI for India fell by 1.2 point in November 2008 and was 7.6 points lower than in November 2007. The CLI for Russia decreased by 4.3 points in November and was 13.8 points lower than a year ago. In November 2008 the CLI for Brazil decreased by 1.1 point and was 2.9 points lower than a year ago.
- Mexico was somewhat better prepared in 2008 than in the past to face external shocks . Sound macroeconomic policies had reduced inflation, domestic and foreign debt, and increased policy credibility. The low current account deficits implied lower foreign financing needs, and the build-up of foreign reserves provided cushion for turmoil. The financial sector is relatively sound and small with limited exposure to foreign assets or liabilities, and credit growth was contained by positive real interest rates, conservative lending policies and attractive investment opportunities in less risky government paper. Strict prudential regulations limited banks’ exposure to currency risk and risky products. Highest risks are with consumer credit, which had the most rapid growth. Main financial vulnerabilities stemmed from dependence on portfolio capital and reliance on direct foreign credit by enterprises . Foreign equity holdings have risen from 8 to 15% of GDP and foreigners have financed a steady one tenth of GDP of domestic bonds between 2001-08. The inflows into domestic bond markets had intensified during 2008 with the rise in the interest rate differential with the US and an appreciating peso. Mexican enterprises have relied on foreign banks abroad for close to half of their credit needs, which increases their vulnerability to currency risks and changes in lending conditions abroad. Therefore, the turmoil first hit Mexican capital markets as risk-aversion among foreign investors intensified in September 2008. The peso became under pressure as foreign portfolio investors pulled out from Mexico and other emerging economies (EM). The pressure on the currency was intensified by demand for dollars by large domestic enterprises to cover their long hedges on peso appreciation. Interventions by the central bank and the announcement of a swap facility with the US Fed and potential for a credit line with the IMF helped stabilize the markets which however remain volatile. The stock exchange also fell, and foreign bond spreads shot up as perceptions of risk changed. The search for short-term liquidity disrupted interbank and domestic bond markets causing a large spike in spreads, which were only stabilized after interventions by the government at the long end of the market.
- Este es otro tema internacional de mayor relevancia para México, pues en los últimos Años nuestra economía ha crecido en gran medida por las exportaciones, que ahora se verán afectadas.
- The largest vulnerabilities are in the real sector from dependence on the US economy and on oil revenues, which are already being felt in slower demand. The sharp decline in US growth is affecting activity in Mexico. Although data incorporating the October turmoil is still scarce recent indicators for exports and manufacturing point to a sharp slowdown. The drop in oil- and non-oil exports gradually propagated to domestic demand and a rise in unemployment, and is likely to soon hit the service sector that held relatively well so far. The strong increase in public investment or net lending since spring 2008, the main components of the fiscal stimulus, have still to be felt in activity. Most forecasters are revising sharply down their projections for 2009 (0 or negative). Risks are on the downside, both from oil prices and external demand. Inflation has remained persistently high despite lower activity as energy and food related prices continue to rise with lags, which has kept policy interest rates unchanged. Demand is also being affected by slower credit growth as credit conditions have tightened at home and abroad and more if asset quality worsens . The rise in spreads and risk aversion by foreign lenders are reducing their willingness to provide credit to Mexico. This affects mostly the enterprises sector, which is the main user of foreign loans. Domestic credit supply is being reduced by adjustments by foreign banks’ (80% of Mexican assets) global portfolios to cut leverage and exposure to riskier markets in an environment of shrinking balance sheets. Mexican banks may also be affected by worsening asset quality over time as the economic downturn progresses. Although financial indicators are sound, they tend to be backward looking and can change rapidly as the economy worsens. High net interest margins and high operating costs provide some cushion for absorbing losses.
- Mex 0.4, 1.8 for 2009, 2010 US -0.9, 1.6 Euro area -0.6, 1.2 OECD -0.4, 1.5 The largest vulnerabilities are in the real sector from dependence on the US economy and on oil revenues, which are already being felt in slower demand. The sharp decline in US growth is affecting activity in Mexico. Although data incorporating the October turmoil is still scarce recent indicators for exports and manufacturing point to a sharp slowdown. The drop in oil- and non-oil exports gradually propagated to domestic demand and a rise in unemployment, and is likely to soon hit the service sector that held relatively well so far. The strong increase in public investment or net lending since spring 2008, the main components of the fiscal stimulus, have still to be felt in activity. Most forecasters are revising sharply down their projections for 2009 (0 or negative). Risks are on the downside, both from oil prices and external demand. Inflation has remained persistently high despite lower activity as energy and food related prices continue to rise with lags, which has kept policy interest rates unchanged. Demand is also being affected by slower credit growth as credit conditions have tightened at home and abroad and more if asset quality worsens . The rise in spreads and risk aversion by foreign lenders are reducing their willingness to provide credit to Mexico. This affects mostly the enterprises sector, which is the main user of foreign loans. Domestic credit supply is being reduced by adjustments by foreign banks’ (80% of Mexican assets) global portfolios to cut leverage and exposure to riskier markets in an environment of shrinking balance sheets. Mexican banks may also be affected by worsening asset quality over time as the economic downturn progresses. Although financial indicators are sound, they tend to be backward looking and can change rapidly as the economy worsens. High net interest margins and high operating costs provide some cushion for absorbing losses.
- We're heading for a loss of between 8m and 10m jobs in the OECD area... and 20m to 25m in the world as a whole between now and 2010." The International Labour Organisation said that it expects the global unemployment toll to rise by 20m to a record high of 210m by late 2009.
- Labour market policy can and should play an important role in supporting the unemployed; through income support schemes and active programmes to help the unemployed search for a new job and improve their skills if needed. Additional measures may also be needed in some countries to help the most disadvantaged but these have to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. A basic principle is that these additional measures should be timely and temporary and especially well targeted to the most needy individuals and households.
- Por ejemplo el tema de crecer al 7%, que es una meta grabada en el subconsciente de todo Mexicano Se nos olvida que ese 7% es el resultante del crecimiento de nuestras regiones. Y que si alguna vez como en el 2000 lo alcanzamos fue porque regiones como Aguascalientes, Queretaro y Baja California crecieron al 12% Sin embargo tambien vemos que algunos estados han tenido un crecimiento promedio durante la ultima decada bastante por debajo de la media nacional. En este sentido es un reto y una oportunidad el desarrollo regional en Mèxico puesto que generalmente los estados más rezagados son los que pueden dar tasas de crecimiento màs altas y solo asì podremos generar tasas superiores al 7%.