This document discusses hybrid seed production technology for okra. It begins with an introduction to okra including its classification, origin in India and Africa, and floral morphology. It then discusses temperature and climate needs, sowing times, soil requirements, and fertilizer and pest management practices for commercial okra production. The key aspects of hybrid seed production covered include the use of genetic male sterility, emasculation and pollination techniques, and field isolation distances. Harvest and post-harvest processing including threshing, seed yield standards and certification requirements are also summarized.

1. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY OF
OKRA(Abelmoschus esculentus)

2. overview
INTRODUCTION
AREA,PRODUCTION,PRODUCTIVITY
SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION
ORIGIN OF OKRA
FLORAL MORPHOLOGY
SORCES OF SEED
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
• TEMPERATURE
• CLIMATE
• SOWING TIME
• SEED RATE AND SPACING
• SOIL
• LAYOUT
• PRESOWING TREATMENT
• FERTILIZERS
• ROUGING
• HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION OF OKRA
POLLINATION
MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR
EMASCULATION AND POLLINATION
EMASCULATION
VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS AND ITS USES
FIELD ISOLATION REQUIREMENT
IRRIGATION
FIELD INSPECTIONS
 PESTS AND DISEASES
HARVERTING AND THRESHING
SEED YIELD
FIELD AND SEED STANDARDS
RECENT WORK

3. INTRODUCTION
Common name : okra or lady’s finger
Scientific name : Abelmoschus esculentus
Family : Malvaceae
Origin- India, Ethiopia.
Chromosome number : 2n= 72,132.
Floral biology :
Flowers are solitary and axillary.
Three prominent bracteoles are present at the base of
cotton flower.
Petals are united at the base and attached to the
staminal tube.
Stamens are numerous , united to form staminal column
on which numerous anthers are arranged

4. •Okra is a flowering plant of the mallow family.
•Okra is an allopolyploid.
•It is perennial plant but mostly cultivated as annual.
•Its immature green seed pods is eaten as a vegetable.
•It is know in many English-speaking countries as ladies
finger or ochro
•It is an important fruit vegetable crop cultivated in
various states of India.

5. AREA,PRODUCTION,PRODUCTIVITY
• AREA:-498 THOUSAND HECTARES.
• PRODUCTION:-5784 THOUSAND METRIC TONNES.
• PRODUCTIVITY:-11.60T/HA.

7. SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION
• Kingdom: Plantae
• Division:Magnoliophyta
• Class:Magnoliopsida
• Order:Malvales
• Family: Malvaceae
• Genus: Abelmoschus
• Species: esculentus
• Binomial name: Abelmoschus esculentus

8. ORIGIN OF OKRA
• The okra is originated from tropical Asia and Africa.
• The main regions of cultivation and diversity of okra are India,
srilanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh.
• From Asia two wild varieties are originated:
• crinitus
• A.Angulosus
• Primary center of origin : central Asia, north east
• Secondary center of origin: Africa

9. FLORAL MORPHOLOGY
• Stem :erect, very branched,herbaceous,1-2m tail.
• Leaves : simple, alternate, broad, palmately lobed with 3-
7lobes,hirsute and serrate.
• Flower : solitary, axillary with long peduncle, hermaphrodite
in nature.
• Sepals :splits longitudinally as the flower open.
• Petals :5 petals, yellow to white with crimson spot on claw.
• Stamens :staminal column is united to base of petals with
numerous stamens
• Ovary: superior

10. • Fruit :capsule type, dehiscent, fibrous, elongated and straight
or curved.
• Seed :in pods rows of tiny white seeds with slimy or sticky
texture are present. mature seed are of brown colour.
• Stigma receptivity: on the day of flower opening, after
pollination it takes 2-6 hours for fertilization.
• Pollination: self- pollinated crop but out cross through insect
can be 19%.

13. SOURCES OF SEED
•Obtain appropriate class of the seed from the
source approved by seed certification agency.
•Propagation of okra is typically through seed.
•Soaking seeds in water overnight prior to planting
helps plants to germinate.

14. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
• CLIMATE : WARM SEASON VEGETABLE CROP AND REQUIRES A
LONG WARM GROWING SEASON.
• Temperature:25-35 degree Celsius.
• Sowing time : it is cultivated round year
• For kharif season :june-july.
• For spring summer: Jan –Feb.
• For winter season :Aug –sep.
• Seed rate :rainy season:8-10kg/ha.
• Summer season is 12-15kg/ha.
• Soil: sandy loam and clay loam soils.
• The optimum pH ranges between 6 and 6.8.

15. • Land preparation: The land is prepared by giving 5-6
ploughings.
• Well rottened FYM mixed with soil should be incorporated.
• Layout and spacing: ridges &furrow.
• Sometimes bhendi is also sown at the border of main crop
&layout is same as for main crop.
• Pre sowing treatment: The seeds are soaked overnight prior to
planting.
• Seeds are sown at the depth of 1-2 cm.
• Plants re 12-18 inches apart.
• Fertilizers:

16. • Intercultural operations: weeding, thinning, earthing up.
• Irrigation:
• First irrigation is given just after sowing.
• Then the field is irrigated in :summer-after 4 to 5 days.
• Winter season-after 10 to 12 days.
• Roughing :the roughing should be based on the plant
characters, hairiness, fruit character like fruit colour, no.of
ridges, fruit length etc., and the off type and mosaic attack
plant should be removed before flowering.
• Manuring: apply 12.5t /ha of fym before ploughing.
• Apply 150:75:75 kg NPK/ha

18. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION OF OKRA
• The most productive and desirable hybrid seed obtained from
the female parent when their is a perfect coincidence of stigma
receptiveness and pollen viability.

19. • ADVANTAGES OF GMS HYBRIDS
• A field design in which alternate planting of four rows male
sterile and one fertile plant was done keeping a ratio of 4:1.
• A population of 41,666ms plants /ha with hybrid seed yield of
5.66q/ha.
• For production of time taken for emasculation , pollinate 1kg
hybrid seeds on and bagging of 274 perfect flowers =9hr and
37min.
• Time taken for pollination and bagging of 274GMS flowers =2hr
and 53min.
• 70% saving in time and manual labour.

21. • GENETIC MALE STERILE LINE.
• Genetic male sterility in okra has been induced through
mutation breeding using 50 kr gamma rays.
• The trait is governed by single recessive gene msms, when
present in homozygous condition. first report in India and
world.
• This male sterility character can be exploited for hybrid seed
production by hand pollination.

22. POLLINATION
• The transfer of pollen from male parent to female parent is
called as pollination.
• The just opened flowers were picked fro the male parent in a
separate brown paper pockets and used for crossing of
emasculated flowers.
• Different coloured thread was tied to the pedicel of the
crossed buds for easy identification.
• Pollination was carried out daily between 8:00am to 4:00pm.
• The crossing was carried out for a period of eight weeks
from the initiation of flowering and avoid the selfing seeds in
the hybrid.

23. • Therefore, time of pollination and ratio between female and
male flower crossing is to be optimized to get increased seed
set and yield in female parent of bhendi.

24. MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR EMASCULATION
AND POLLINATION
• For emasculation of flower bud, forceps and needles are required.
• While plastic container, pollen ring, scissors and brush are needed for
pollen extraction from anthers and for pollination work.

25. EMASCULATION
• Removal of androecium (stamens) from bisexual flower is
called as emasculation.
• The buds opened next day, were selected in female parent
and emasculation was carried out by removing the
androecium along with corolla.
• These emasculated buds were covered with butter paper
pockets to avoid cross pollination and also for easy
identification of emasculated flower for pollination.
• The emasculation was carried out daily from 2:00 to 6:00
pm.

27. VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS AND ITS USES
• Varieties:co1,MDU,parbhani kranti, arka anamika, pusa A-
4,pusa sawani, jaya, subha.
• Hybrids :-co2(AE 180 XPUSA SEWANI),co3(PRABHANI
KRANTI X MDU1),mahyco hybrid, shoba and prabhani kranti.
• Uses: hybrids can be resistant to frost, low temperature and
water logging as well as drought conditions.

28. FIELD ISOLATION REQUIREMENT
• The seed fields must be isolated from fields of other varieties and
field of same variety and from wild Abelmoschus species by at least
400 and 200 m for foundation and certified seed production
respectively.

29. • Planting ratio: for hybrid seed production female and male
parents are normally planted in the ratio of 8:1 in block system.
• Distance between male and female fields: there should be a
distance of 5m between male lines and female lines.

30. IRRIGATION
• First irrigation is given just after sowing.
• Then the field is irrigated in :summer-after 4 to 5 days.
• Winter season-after 10 to 12 days.
• 5 to 6 protective irrigations are required for the whole crop period.

31. FIELD INSPECTIONS
• A minimum of 3 inspections shall be made, the first before flowering,
the second during peak flowering and fruiting stage and the third at
mature fruit stage and prior to harvesting.

32. PESTS AND DISEASES
• Shoot and fruit bore (Earias sp).
• Fruit borer: (Helicoverpa armigera).
• Sucking pests –jassids (Amrasca biguttula ).
• white flies: Bemisia tabaci
• Red spider mites
• Root-knot nematodes.
• The major pest jassids, aphids and white fly, can be
controlled by spraying rogar or dimecron or Endosulphon.
• The pod borer and red spider mites can be controlled by
spraying Endosulphon and Kelthane ,respectively.

36. • MAJOR DISEASES OF OKRA
• Okra vein mosaic virus(YVMV) causative agent: yellow vein
mosaic virus.
• Cerospora leaf spot causative agent:cercospora
abelmoschi,C.malayensis,c.hibisci,
• Powdery mildew causative agent: Erysiphe
cichoracearum,Sphaerotheca fuliginous,
• Fusariumwilt causative agent:Fusarium
oxysporum,f.vasinfectum.
• Root-decaying disease. Enation
• Leaf curl of bhendi,
• Damping off causative agent: Pythium spp, Rhizoctonia spp.
• The diseases such as yellow vein mosaic and powdery mildew
can be controlled by spraying systemic insecticides and
Karathane respectively.

40. HARVESTING AND THRESHING
• The pods which expose hairline crack and turn t brown colour
on drying alone are cut using sickle manually (30-35 days after
crossing).
• The pods are dried and threshed using pliable sticks.
• Separated seeds are winnowed to remove plant debris and
dried over a tarpaulin to 10% moisture content.
• Dried seeds are subjected to water floatation in which, good
seeds sink while poor seeds float.
• The floaters are removed, while sinkers are dried under shade
followed by sun drying.
• Then the seeds are cleaned, dried and treated with
captain/thiram.

41. • Seeds are to be processed with BSS 7 wire mesh sieve.

42. SEED YIELD
• 1000- 1200 kg/ha

43. FIELD STANDARDS
• A,GENERAL REQUIREMENTS.
• B,SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS.
• ISOLATION:okra seed fields shall be isolated from the contaminants
shown in the column 1 of the table below by the distances specified
2 and 3 of the said table:

46. SEED STANDARDS

47. RECENT WORK
• Okra ,also known as gumbo or ladies finger ,is a warm
season vegetable.
• It is a good source of minerals ,vitamins ,antioxidants, and
fiber.
• It contains sticky juice that people use to thicken sauces.
• Okra also provides some iron, niacin, phosphorus, and
copper.
• Scientists think that these compounds may have
antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.
• Scientists also believe that the components (quercetin and
catechins) may help in lower the risk of cancer.

48. • THANK YOU
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• 111718012029.
• 111718012032.