2. The main methods of
examination
- Roentgenoscopy (fluoroscopy)
- Roentgenography
- Fluorography
3. The additional methods
- Roentgen polygraphy
- Roentgen kymography
- Tomography
- Roentgenoscopy with primary
magnification
4. The special contrast methods
- Double contrasting
- Pneumoparietography of the stomach
5. The roentgen anatomy and
examination of esophagus
- Width – from 1,5-2 см to 2 см;
- Length – 25-26 см;
- The parts of esophagus:
А) cervical;
Б) thoracic;
В) abdominal.
6. - Three physiologic narrowings:
А) at the level of cricoid cartilage;
Б) at the level of aortic arc;
В) at the level of cardia.
- The folds of mucosa – 2-3 см, parallel,
longitudinal;
- The velocity of contrast movement
is 4-6 sec.
9. The roentgen anatomy and
examination of the stomach
1. The survey roentgenoscopy.
2. The first stage of examination – the
patient drinks 1-2 swallows of contrast
(we can evaluate the folds of mucosa of
the stomach).
3. The second stage of examination –
tight filling. We can determine the
shape, size and position of stomach.
10. 4. The stomach peristalsis:
- Superficial;
- Medium depth;
- Deep;
- Segmental;
- The velocity of peristaltic wave is 21 sec.
14. 5. Parts of the stomach:
- Fundus;
- Cardiac part;
- Body;
- Sinus (or angle);
- Antrum;
- Pyloric part;
- Minor and major curvature.
15.
16. The roentgen anatomy and
examination of duodenum and
small intestine
1. The duodenum comes after stomach
and it has three parts:
- Superior (bulb of triangular shape);
- Descending (covers the head of
pancreas);
- Inferior.
17. 2. Small intestine:
- duodenum;
- jejunum;
- ileum;
- Kerckring's folds of the mucosal layer.
20. The roentgen anatomy and
examination of large intestine
1. The methods of examination:
- Per os;
- Irrigoscopy – contrast enema.
21. 2. Roentgen anatomy and parts of the
large intestine:
- Caecum;
- C. ascendens;
- C. transversum;
- C. descendens;
- C. sygmoideum;
- Rectum.
22. 3. Irrigoscopy:
- The first stage of examination – tight
filling of the bowel.
А) shape;
Б) size;
В) localization.
- The second stage of examination– the
evaluation of the mucosa folds (after
depletion of patient);
- The third stage of examination– double
contrasting (inflation of large intestine
with barium sulfate by Bobrov device).
The elasticity of the walls is determined.
33. - Cancer of esophagus:
А) scirrhous;
Б) bowl-shaped (saucer-shaped);
В) medullar shape.
34. The symptoms of cancer:
- Stenosis of esophagus;
- Filling defect;
- Irregular borders;
- The delay of contrast media above the
level of stenosis;
- Deformation and absence of the folds;
- The absence of peristalsis at the level of
defect.
36. - Burn of esophagus:
The first examination is possible after 2-3
weeks.
Symptoms:
• Circular stenosis;
• Flat contours;
• Deformation – cone-, funnel-, ampullar.
- Foreign substances
Method by Ivanova-Podobed.
47. - Cancer of stomach:
• polypous;
• bowl-shape;
• ulcerative cancer;
• diffuse;
• cancerous ulcer;
• cancer from polyp.
48. Symptoms:
• filling defect;
• the absence of the folds of mucosa;
• the absence of peristalsis at the defect
localization;
• stenosis of the lumen.
56. - Cancer of the large intestine
Symptoms:
• filling defect;
• irregular contours;
• circular stenosis;
• the absence of the folds of mucosa;
• evacuation disorders.
58. The roentgenologic picture of
the acute abdomen
1. Bowel obstruction.
- high;
- low.
Symptoms:
- Kloyber cups(at the background of
swallen bowel there is the presence of
horisontal level of fluid).