Leveraging Wikipedia-based Features for Entity Relatedness and Recommendations
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This presentation describes three contributions of my PhD work: 1. Distributional Semantics for Entity Relatedness (DiSER) 2. Wikipedia Features for Entity Recommendations (WiFER) 3. Non-Orthogonal Explicit Semantic Analysis (NESA) for Word Relatedness Further, it presents some of our work in collaboration with IBM Watson and Yahoo Research.
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Leveraging Wikipedia-based Features for Entity Relatedness and Recommendations
- 1. Leveraging Wikipedia-based Features for Entity Relatedness and Recommendations Nitish Aggarwal Supervised by Dr. Paul Buitelaar PhD Viva
- 3. Motivation Semantic Web Technologies: 1. RDF 2. SPARQL 3. Ontology 4. Linked data 5. Turtle (syntax) Entity Recommendation Companies: 1. Metaweb 2. Ontoprise GmbH 3. OpenLink Software 4. Ontotext 5. Powerset (company) Myosin Proteins and cells: 1. Actin 2. Muscle contraction 3. Sarcomere 4. Myofibril 5. Cytoskeleton Biologists: 1. Hugh Huxley 2. James Spudich 3. Ronald Vale 4. Manuel Morales 5. Brunó Ferenc Straub 3
- 4. Determine the degree of relatedness between two entities Brad Pitt Tom Cruise ? Entity Relatedness 4
- 5. Person, location, organization Time, date, money, percent Event, movie, disease, symptom, side effect, law, license and more Background Entity • Many such types are covered in Wikipedia • More than 2K classes in DBpedia • More than 350k classes in Yago • Every Wikipedia article is considered about an entity 5
- 6. Motor vehicle Car Motorcycle Automobile Auto Car seat Car window s s h h m m Background Relatedness Synonym s Similar Related Substitutability 6
- 7. Outline • Motivation • Entity Relatedness • Distributional Semantics for Entity Relatedness (DiSER) • Evaluation • Entity Recommendation • Wikipedia-based Features for Entity Recommendation (WiFER) • Evaluation • Text Relatedness • Non-Orthogonal Explicit Semantic Analysis (NESA) • Evaluation • Application and Industry Use Cases • Conclusion 7
- 8. Wikipedia Features for Entity Recommendation (WiFER) Feature Extraction Thesis Overview Distributional Semantic for Entity Relatedness (DiSER) Distributional Representation Non-Orthogonal Explicit Semantic Analysis (NESA) Chapter V Chapter IV Chapter VI 8
- 9. Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion Thesis Overview Wikipedia Features for Entity Recommendation (WiFER) Feature Extraction Distributional Semantic for Entity Relatedness (DiSER) Distributional Representation Non-Orthogonal Explicit Semantic Analysis (NESA) Chapter IV 9
- 10. Entity Relatedness Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 10
- 11. Entity Relatedness: State of the Art • Graph-based methods • Path distance in Wikipedia graph (Strube and Ponzetto, 2006) • Normalized Google Distance on Wikipedia graph (Witten and Milne, 2008) • Personalized pagerank on Wikipedia graph (Agirre et. al, 2015) • Path-based measures on DBpedia graph (Hulpus et. al, 2015) • Corpus-based methods • Key-phrase Overlap for Related Entities (KORE): partial overlaps between key- phrases in corresponding Wikipedia articles (Hoffart et. al, 2012) • Text relatedness measures: use colocation information in text Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 11
- 12. Explicit Semantic Analysis (ESA) Uses explicit (manually defined) concepts like Wikipedia articles where every article is considered describing a single concept (Gabrilovich and Markovitch, 2007) Entity Relatedness: State of the Art Distributional Semantics word1 W11 W12 W13 W14 …....... W1n word2 W21 W22 W23 W24 …....... W2n word3 W31 W32 W33 W34 …........ W3n wordm Wm1 Wm2 Wm3 Wm4 …... Wmn ... doc1 doc2 doc3 doc4 ….... docn Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 12
- 13. word1 W11 W12 W13 W14 …....... W1n word2 W21 W22 W23 W24 …....... W2n word3 W31 W32 W33 W34 …........ W3n wordm Wm1 Wm2 Wm3 Wm4 …... Wmn ... Entity Relatedness: State of the Art Distributional Semantics doc1 doc2 doc3 doc4 ….... docn Implicit/Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) Transforms sparse document space into a dense latent topic space Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) (Blei et al., 2003) Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) (Deerwester et al., 1990) Neural Embeddings (Word2Vec) (Mikolov et al., 2013) n ~ 1M word1 W11 W12 ……..... W1k word2 W21 W22 ……..... W2k wordm Wm1 Wm2 ……..... Wmk ... topic1 topic2 … topick Dimensionality Reduction k < 1000 Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 13
- 14. Limitation of Text Relatedness Measures • Compositionality • Most of the entities are multiword expressions • Vector(Brad Pitt) = Vector(Brad) + Vector(Pitt) ? • Ambiguity • Vector of an entity with ambiguous name like “Nice” (French city) Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 14
- 15. Chapter IV Distributional Semantics for Entity Relatedness (DiSER) entity1 W11 W12 W13 W14 …....... W1n entity2 W21 W22 W23 W24 …....... W2n entity3 W31 W32 W33 W34 …........ W3n entityn Wn1 Wn2 Wn3 Wn4 …... Wnn ... doc1 doc2 doc3 doc4 ….... docn Wikipedia-based Distributional Semantics for Entity Relatedness In: AAAI-FSS-2014 [Steve Jobs] co-founded Apple in 1976 to sell Wozniak’s [Apple I] [Personal Computer]. [Steve Jobs | Jobs] was CEO of [Apple Inc. | Apple] and largest shareholder of [Pixar]. Jobs is widely recognized as a pioneer of the [Microcomputer Revolution], along [Steve Wozniak | Wozniak]. Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion Annotated Wikipedia with entities One sense per document Wikipedia entities [Steve Jobs] [Apple Inc.| Apple] [Steve Wozniak | Wozniak]’ [Apple I] [Personal Computer]. [Steve Jobs | Jobs] was CEO of [Apple Inc. | Apple] and largest shareholdef [Pixar]. [Steve Jobs | Jobs] is widely recognizpioneer of the [Microcomputer Revolution], along [Steve Wozniak | Wozniak]. 15
- 16. The Tree of Life (film) Falmouth, Cornwall World War Z (film) What Just Happened A Mighty Heart (film) Plan B Entertainment Jamaican Patois Richard: A Novel Sobriquet I Want a Famous Face Brad Pitt (DiSER) Damiani (jewelry company) University of Pittsburgh Band Brad Pitt Make It Right Foundation Pittsburgh men’s basketball Brangelina Pittsburgh Panthers baseball Pitt (Comics) Pitt River Brad Pitt filmography Brad Pitt (ESA) Wikipedia-based Distributional Semantics for Entity Relatedness In: AAAI-FSS-2014 ESA vs DiSER Vector Chapter IV Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 16
- 17. Entity Relatedness: Evaluation Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 17
- 18. • Absolute relatedness score • Relatedness between “Apple Inc.” and “Steve Jobs” • Very low inter-annotator agreement • Relative relatedness score • Is “Steve Jobs” more related with “Apple Inc.” than “Bill Gates” • High inter-annotator agreement • KORE (Hoffart et al., 2012) • 21 seed entities • Every entity has list of 20 entities with their relatedness score • 420 entity pairs in total Entity Relatedness: Dataset Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 18
- 19. Approaches Spearman Rank Correlation Graph-based measures Path-DBpedia (Hulpus et al., 2015) 0.610 WLM (Witten and Milne, 2008) 0.659 PPR (Agirre et al., 2015) 0.662 Corpus-based measures Word2Vec (Mikolov et al., 2013) 0.181 GloVe (Pennington et al., 2014) 0.194 LSA (Landauer et al., 1998) 0.375 KORE (Hoffart et al., 2012) 0.679 ESA (Gabrilovich and Markovitch, 2007) 0.691 DiSER 0.781 Wikipedia-based Distributional Semantics for Entity Relatedness In: AAAI-FSS-2014 Results: KORE Dataset Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 19
- 20. DiSER Vector for non-Wikipedia Entities Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 20
- 21. BBC: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-22204377 Article about Savita Context-DiSER Noun phrase extraction: StanfordNLP Entity linking: Prior probability Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 21
- 22. Abortion Abortion-rights movement The Irish Times United States pro- life movement Vincent Browne Michael D. Higgins Context-DiSER Irish abortion law Death of Savita Galway University Hospital Miscarriage Catholic Country ……. Savita Halappanavar Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 22
- 23. Approaches Spearman Rank Correlation KORE (state of the art) 0.679 Context-ESA 0.684 Context-DiSER (Manual linking) 0.769 Context-DiSER (Automatic linking) 0.719 Wikipedia-based Distributional Semantics for Entity Relatedness In: AAAI-FSS-2014 Context-DiSER: Results on KORE Dataset Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 23
- 24. Thesis Overview Wikipedia Features for Entity Recommendation (WiFER) Feature Extraction Distributional Semantic for Entity Relatedness (DiSER) Distributional Representation Non-Orthogonal Explicit Semantic Analysis (NESA) Chapter V Chapter IV Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 24
- 25. Entity Recommendation Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 25
- 26. • Classical Recommendation Systems • Focus on personalized recommendation • Require user-item preferences • Entity Recommendation in Web Search (Blanco et al., 2013) • Co-occurrence features: query logs, query session, Flickr tags, tweets • Graph-based features: shared connections in Yahoo knowledge graph and others domain specific knowledge bases • Entity and Relation type in Knowledge graph • More than 100 features • Combines features using learning to rank Entity Recommendation: State of the Art Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 26
- 27. Features: Prior Probability of Entity1 Prior Probability of Entity2 Joint Probability Conditional Probability Reverse Conditional Probability Cosine Similarity Pointwise Mutual Information Distributional Semantic Model Learning to Rank Leveraging Wikipedia Knowledge for Entity Recommendations In: ISWC 2015 Wikipedia-based Features for Entity Recommendation (WiFER) Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 27
- 28. Prior Probability of Entity1 Prior Probability of Entity2 Joint Probability Conditional Probability Cosine Similarity Pointwise Mutual Information Reverse Conditional Probability Distributional Semantic Model (ESA) Wikipedia Text Wikipedia Entities Prior Probability of Entity1 Prior Probability of Entity2 Joint Probability Conditional Probability Cosine Similarity Pointwise Mutual Information Reverse Conditional Probability Distributional Semantic Model (DiSER) Wikipedia-based Features for Entity Recommendation (WiFER) Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 28
- 29. • Learning to Rank • Gradient Boosted Decision Trees (GBDT) (Li Hang, 2011) • It builds the model in a stage-wise fashion • Dataset: Entity recommendation in web search • 4,797 web search queries (entities) • Every entity query has a list of entity candidates (47,623 entity-pairs) • All candidates are tagged on 5 label scales: Excellent, Prefer, Good, Fair, and Bad Combining Features Type Total instances Percentage Location 22,062 46.32 People 21,626 45.41 Movies 3,031 6.36 TV Shows 280 0.58 Album 563 1.18 Total 47,623 100 Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 29
- 30. • Evaluation • Normalized discounted cumulative gain (NDCG@10) • 10 fold cross validation Features All Person Location Spark (Blanco et al., 2013) 0.9276 0.9479 0.8882 WiFER 0.9173 0.9431 0.8795 Spark+WiFER 0.9325 0.9505 0.8987 Insights into Entity Recommendation in Web Search In: IESD at ISWC, 2015 Entity Recommendation: Results Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 30
- 31. Insights into Entity Recommendation in Web Search In: IESD at ISWC, 2015 Entity Recommendation: Feature Analysis in Spark+WiFER Relation type Cosine similarity over Flickr tags Probability of target entity over Wikipedia text corpus CF7 over Flickr tags DSM over Wikipedia entities corpus (DiSER) Conditional user probability over query terms DSM over Wikipedia text corpus (ESA) Probability of source entity over Wikipedia entities corpus Probability of target entity over Flickr tags Probability of target entity over Wikipedia entities corpus Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 31
- 32. Thesis Overview Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion Wikipedia Features for Entity Recommendation (WiFER) Feature Extraction Distributional Semantic for Entity Relatedness (DiSER) Distributional Representation Non-Orthogonal Explicit Semantic Analysis (NESA) Chapter V Chapter IV Chapter VI 32
- 33. Text Relatedness: Non-Orthogonal Explicit Semantic Analysis (NESA) Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 33
- 34. ESA assumes that related words share highly weighted concepts in their distributional vector Chapter VI Improving ESA with Document Similarity In: ECIR-2013 “soccer” History of Soccer in the United States Soccer in the United States United States Soccer Federation North American Soccer League United Soccer Leagues “football” FIFA Football History of association football Football in England Association football ESA(football, soccer) = 0.0 Orthogonality in ESA Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 34
- 35. Chapter VI Improving ESA with Document Similarity In: ECIR-2013 “soccer” History of Soccer in the United States Soccer in the United States United States Soccer Federation North American Soccer League United Soccer Leagues “football” FIFA Football History of association football Football in England Association football NESA(football, soccer) = (FIFA x Soccer in the United States + FIFA x United Soccer Leagues ….) = 0.38 Non-Orthogonal Explicit Semantic Analysis (NESA) Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 35
- 36. • ESA: v1 and v2 are the n-dimensional vectors for words w1 and w2 • relESA (w1, w2) = v1 T . v2 • NESA: Correlation between vector dimensions • relNESA (w1,w2) = v1 T . C . v2 • C(n,n) = ET . E • Dimension correlation methods • DiSER scores between corresponding Wikipedia article Non-Orthogonal Explicit Semantic Analysis (NESA) Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 36
- 37. • WN353 • 353 word pairs annotated by 13-15 experts on a scale of 1-10. • RG65 • 65 word pairs annotated by 51 experts on scale of 0-4 • MC30 • 30 word pairs annotated by 38 experts on scale of 0-1 • MT287 • 287 word pairs annotated by 10-12 experts on scale of 0-1 Word Relatedness Datasets Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 37
- 38. Non-Orthogonal Explicit Semantic Analysis In: *SEM-2015 Chapter VI WN353 MC30 RG65 MT287 LSA 0.579 0.667 0.616 0.555 LSA (Wiki) 0.538 0.744 0.697 0.353 Word2Vec 0.663 0.824 0.751 0.560 ESA 0.66 0.765 0.826 0.507 NESA 0.696 0.784 0.839 0.572 Spearman rank correlation with word similarity gold standard datasets NESA: Results Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 38
- 39. Non-Orthogonal Explicit Semantic Analysis In: *SEM-2015 Chapter VI NESA: Results • Word similarity vs relatedness (Agirre et al., 2009) • WN353Rel: 202 word pairs from WN353 • WN353Sim: 252 word pairs from WN353 Spearman rank correlation with word similarity vs relatedness datasets WN353Rel WN353Sim LSA 0.521 0.662 LSA (Wiki) 0.506 0.559 Word2Vec 0.601 0.741 ESA 0.643 0.663 NESA 0.663 0.719 Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 39
- 40. Outline • Motivation • Entity Relatedness • Distributional Semantics for Entity Relatedness (DiSER) • Evaluation • Entity Recommendation • Wikipedia-based Features for Entity Recommendation (WiFER) • Evaluation • Text Relatedness • Non-Orthogonal Explicit Semantic Analysis (NESA) • Evaluation • Application and Industry Use Cases • Conclusion Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 40
- 41. Chapter VIIhttp://enrg.insight-centre.org/ Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 41
- 42. Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 42 EnRG SPARQL Endpoint National University of Ireland, Galway
- 43. Industrial Use Cases Medical entity linking for question-answering and relationship explanation in Knowledge Graph Entity Recommendation in Web Search Company name disambiguation for social profiling Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 43
- 44. • Entity Relatedness • Distributional Semantics for Entity Relatedness (DiSER) • Outperformed state of the art entity relatedness measures • Entity Recommendation • Wikipedia-based Features for Entity Recommendation (WiFER) • Effective features for entity recommendation in web search • Text Relatedness • Non-Orthogonal Explicit Semantic Analysis (NESA) • Outperformed other existing word relatedness measures • Entity Relatedness Graph (EnRG) • Contains all Wikipedia entities and their pre-computed relatedness scores • Contains distributional vectors for all Wikipedia entities Conclusion Motivation Entity Relatedness Entity Recommendation Text Relatedness Application Conclusion 45
- 45. • Relationship explanation for recommended entities • Best path in knowledge graph • Best natural language description • Knowledge discovery • Analogy querying over knowledge graph e.g. Google to Motorola => Microsoft to ? • Example based querying e.g. Google to Motorola => ? to ? Future Research Directions 46
- 46. Related Queries?
Notas do Editor
- Text on side does not look good
- Don’t call them concept try to be specific like technologies for SemWeb Change box in horizontal boxes not vertical onces
- Entity describe definitions in different communities and the definition we will carry out in our presentation Relatedness describe it with the notion of similarity vs relatedness by illustrating wordnet relations (taxonomic vs others), further describe a simple van diagram We do not distinguish between entity and concept like football player
- Entity describe definitions in different communities and the definition we will carry out in our presentation Relatedness describe it with the notion of similarity vs relatedness by illustrating wordnet relations (taxonomic vs others), further describe a simple van diagram Relatedness reflects the degree of associativity, connectivity Relatedness score: University => Student, building Similarity score => Student, building Relatedness score: University => Student, bio lab Similarity score => Student, bio lab
- Change box to chapter names Entity Relatedness => DiSER
- Context-VSM and Context-ESA - Vector similarity between corresponding Wikipedia articles - ESA score between corresponding Wikipedia article
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- Backup slide on Vector composition Lucene based “Brad Pitt”
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- Highlight the relevant articles in both vectors
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- Explain entity disambiguation for context-diser
- Wikipedia text and entity tagged One thing to notice: We only get the articles that contain the given entity as wikipedia links not only world So, It performs better than text DSM
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- \textbf{MC30} It contains 30 pairs of noun and their relatedness score are on the scale of 0-4. This dataset was prepared by Miller and Charles(1991). The score was provided by 38 human experts.\\\\ WN353 It contains 353 pairs of word annotated by 13-15 human experts on a scale of 0-10. 10 stands for highly related and 0 stands for unrelated. It containes has generic words as well as named entities.\\\\ \textbf{WN353Sim and WN353Rel} The WN353 dataset was refined by Agirre at el. (2009). It contained similar and related pair of words. Two words are similar if they are connected through the taxonomic relation like synonym or hyponym. Two words are related if they are connected through relations like meronym or holonym. WN353Rel and WN353Sim contain 252 and 203 pair of words respectively.\\\\ \textbf{RG65} It contains 65 pair of non-technical word pair. It was annotated by 51 human experts.\\\\ \textbf{MT771} It has 771 pairs of words and their relatedness score. The words are very generic and varying from all kinds of domains.\\\\ \textbf{MT287} It has 287 pairs of words and their relatedness score, prepared by using Amazon Mechanical Turck (MT).
- Backup slide on similarity vs relatedness
- Context-VSM and Context-ESA - Vector similarity between corresponding Wikipedia articles - ESA score between corresponding Wikipedia article
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- Remove Similarity and relatedness thing and explain more on relationship explanation