1. SOAPS AND SYNDETBARS
Presented by :
Nikita D. Gidde.
M. Pharm ,first year (Sem II)
Department of Pharmaceutics
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Rajarambapu College of Pharmacy. Kasegaon.
2. CONTENTS
• Soaps
• Raw Material
• Formulation
• Soap Manufacturing
• Other types of soaps
• Syndetbars
• Ingredients
• Soap vs Syndetbar
• References
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3. SOAPS
• Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids.
• When triglycerides in fat/oil react with aqueous NAOH or KOH, they are converted into
soap and glycerol. This is called alkaline hydrolysis of esters. Since this reaction leads to the
formation of soap, it is called the saponification process.
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4. RAW MATERIALS
• FATS AND OILS-
Fat mixture containing saturated and unsaturated and long and short chain fatty acid in
suitable proportion are used .Saturated fatty acids with 12 to 18 carbon atoms are used .
E.g. Lauric, myristic , palmitic , stearic and oleic acid
In the united states of America and Europe tallow has long been used as a basic ingredient
of soap. To improve the solubility and lathering properties coconut oil is mixed with tallow.
Fish oils, palm oil and coconut oil are also used in preparation of soaps.
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5. CONT…
• ALKALIS
Caustic soda is used as a raw material in the preparation of soap.
Caustic potash is used in making soft soaps
Potassium carbonate and soda ash are used to saponify fatty acids
• ADDITIVES USED
• Antioxidants: these are used to stabilize the soap against rancidity.
• Whiteners: titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are used to improve whiteness.
• Perfumes : the PH of the soap is around 10.0. The selected perfume should be stable in this
PH range
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7. SOAP MANUFACTURING
1. Cold process
In this process, mixing of fat and strong alkali is carried out substantially at room temperature
so that little more than emulsification takes place . saponification is completed after this
mixture is run into frames in several days at warm temperature. Since there is no opportunity
to adjust proportions of fat and alkali calculation of quantities to be used should be made
carefully.
2. Semi-boiled process
The semi-boiled process differs from the cold process in the fact that the saponification
mixture is heated to 70 - 90° C using a steam-heated coil to accelerate and complete the
saponification reaction. Dyes, perfumes, and additives are added at the end of the process to
prevent them from evaporating. The process allows the quantity of soda undergoing
saponification to be adjusted before the crude soap is drawn off. It also allows manufacturing
waste to be recycled, better incorporation of the additives and a wider choice of raw materials
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8. SOAP MANUFACTURING
3. Full boiled process
In this process ,large cylindrical kettles with cone bottoms equipped with open and sometimes
with closed coils for steam are used. The kettles are often provided with delivery pipes for fats
, water, lye Process includes: • Saponification reaction • Graining out and washing • Strong
change • Finishing or fitting operation
4. Continuous saponification
These processes are used when the production is on very large scale .Fats are first converted
into fatty acids and glycerin using high pressure in continuous fat splitting process.
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9. OTHER TYPES OF SOAPS
• Transparent soaps
• Bathing bar
• Castile soap
• Super fatted soaps
• Carbolic and carbonated soaps
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10. SYNDETBARS
• Often referred to as "syndet bars" or "soap-free“ soaps, these use synthetic - and usually
milder - surfactants such as sodium cocyl isethionate (which is derived from coconuts) or
sodium palmitate. Since they utilize less alkaline salts in their surfactants, these have a much
lower PH, which makes them less irritating. Dove, the very first syndet bar introduced in
1955, is made primarily from sodium lauryl isethionate but contains sodium tallowate and
palmitate too.
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12. SOAP VS SYNDETBARS
• Soap is extremely effective in cleansing the skin. It strips away everything, including our
skin’s natural oils. Soaps are known to be harsh and its use can damage skin layers that
regulate the hydration of our skin.. Soap bars also have a PH ranging from 9 to 10, making it
more alkaline in comparison to our skin which has a slightly acidic PH from 5 to 6.
• Syndet bars are mild and cause less damage to our skin. The PH of syndet bars are usually
around 5.5, which is very similar to the natural PH of our skin. These bars are effective
cleansers, cause minimal damage to skin layers, and do not have the harsh stripping effects
of regular soap.
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13. REFERENCES
• 1. Harry’s Cosmeticology, Volume 1 Of 2, 8th Edition, Published By Chemical Publishing
Co. Inc. New York.
• 2. Poucher’s Perfume Cosmetics And Soaps, 10th Edition.
• 3. www.Google.Com
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