When we make software architecture decisions we are implicitly making choices about the design of our organisations. It's time to realise that software architecture is sociotechnical architecture.

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GREAT TECHNICAL ARCHITECTS
MUST BE
GREAT ORGANISATION ARCHITECTS
Nick Tune
@ntcoding

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Software architects are
being forced to adapt by
evolutionary pressures in
digital product development

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1.
Customer Inspired

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TOP SOURCES OF PRODUCT IDEAS
DIRECT CUSTOMER FEEDBACK 80 %
TEAM BRAINSTORMING 64 %
SALES TEAM 53 %
EXECUTIVE ORDER 51 %
* % respondents who agreed.
Source: Alpha UX Product Management Insights 2017

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CONTINUOUS DISCOVERY & DELIVERY
Discovery Track
Delivery TrackCross-functional
Product Team

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2.
Infrastructure
Commoditisation

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“Time spent on infrastructure tasks [by
devs] is time taken away from feature
work
— James Wen
SRE at Spotify

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SPEED SERIOUSLY WINS
High performance organisations
deploy to production 46x more
frequently than low performers
Source: Puppet 2017 State of DevOps Report

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SPEED NOT ENOUGH
…but it was 200x in 2016 -
commoditisation of infrastructure
is creating a level playing field.
Value is moving up the chain.

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3.
Connected Experiences

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Seamless UX across many
devices is a differentiator
because the barrier to entry
is at an unprecedented low

13. #1
THE ROLE OF THE ARCHITECT IN
THE NEW WORLD?

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Website
Website
Website
Digital Enterprise IT
Business
APIs
Data
APIs
DATA
Back
Office
Apps

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“The web server we will use on this
project is probably older than you.
— Senior Architect

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“Programmers are too slow. The
industry is moving towards generic
rules engines and BPM tools [that
don’t need programmers].
— Chief Architect

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Website
Website
Website
Digital Enterprise IT
Business
APIs
Data
APIs
DATA
Rules,
BPM,
ESB
Back
Office
Apps

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LESSONS LEARNED
• Dependencies make continuous discovery
and delivery almost impossible
• Functional silos result in backend teams
who are not incentivised to solve user
problems
• Architects exacerbated the problems

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This new era of digital
product development is a
tremendous opportunity to
rejuvenate the perception of
architects

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“
”
Most horror stories in
IT begin with the words
“The Architect”
Dan Barua
@danbarua

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“ [Architects] have outdated
programming knowledge, tend to
complex solutions, reduce quality of
decisions, secure their job and ‘justify’
their high salary.
— Andriy Solovey
@AndriySolovey

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“The architect role often becomes a
dictator. I think the problem is
terminal now - even using the term
architect is so tainted it needs to be
given a different name.
— Mat McLoughlin
@mat_mcloughlin

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Software Architect
Sociotechnical Architect

24. #2
SOCIOTECHNICAL
ARCHITECTURE PATTERNS

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BOUNDED CONTEXTS & DDD
Problem domains can be broken
down into cohesive contexts that
encapsulate things that change
together for business reasons.

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BOUNDED CONTEXTS & DDD
Align teams with bounded
contexts, and teams will have the
autonomy to continuously
discover and deliver.

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Website
Website
Website
Digital Enterprise IT
Business
APIs
Data
APIs
DATA
Rules,
BPM,
ESB
Back
Office
Apps

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BOUNDED CONTEXT HEURISTICS
• Linguistic patterns
• Domain expert localisation
• Data cohesion

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UI
Review
API
UI
Case
Management
API
UI
Resubmit
API
UI
Renegotiate
API

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UI
Review
API
UI
Resubmit
API
UI
Renegotiate
API
Case ManagementBack
Office UI

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Bounded contexts are too
low level - you need to
understand bounded context
types and patterns

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PATTERN: STABLE SEQUENTIAL PROCESS
Review Resubmit Renegotiate

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Bounded context patterns
show which teams need to
be more closely aligned &
with common goals

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PATTERN: PARTNERSHIP CONTEXT
DownloadsSearch Catalogue
Discovery

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OTHER SOCIOTECHNICAL PATTERNS
• Octopus context
• Centralised expertise
• Bubble context
• Discovery context
• Lots more…

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Architects can lead the
discovery and documentation
of sociotechnical architecture
patterns - especially at scale

37. #3
ARCHITECTING THE
SYSTEM OF WORK

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Architects design for
compile time and runtime -
flow (of work) is not even on
our radar

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THEORY OF CONSTRAINTS
The performance of an
organisation is limited by
constraints. Remove the
constraints to improve
performance of the organisation.

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Website
Website
Website
Digital Enterprise IT
Business
APIs
Data
APIs
DATA
Rules,
BPM,
ESB
Back
Office
Apps

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Find boundaries that
eliminate constraints (the
most costly bottlenecks)

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SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
Use different sociotechnical
architecture patterns at
different stages of the product
innovation lifecycle

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INNOVATION PORTFOLIO

45. #5
THE SOCIOTECHNICAL
ARCHITECT’S TOOLBOX

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EVENT STORMING
• Discover bounded contexts
• Identify bounded context
patterns
• Discover bottlenecks
• Coach teams & execs

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VALUE STREAM MAPPING
• Discover bottlenecks
• Quantify cost of
bottlenecks
• Coach teams & execs

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CONTEXT MAPPING
• Visualise sociotechnical
architecture patterns
• Explore multiple models
• Coach teams & execs

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LEAN UX
• Master continuous
discovery
• Champion user needs
• Coach teams & execs

50. #5
BECOMING A
SOCIOTECHNICAL ARCHITECT…

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Value is moving up the
chain. Architecting software
systems in isolation is
harmful. We must adapt.

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HOW TO ADAPT
• Software architect ->
sociotechnical architect
• Discover and share
patterns
• Dictator ->
advisor/facilitator/coach

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LETS REPAIR THE IMAGE OF ARCHITECTS…

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MORE…
ntcoding.co.uk/workshops
ntcoding.co.uk/blog
ntcoding.co.uk/speaking
@ntcoding
/in/ntcoding