the topic which contains the basic aspects regarding biological control of pest and also mass production aspects of some biological entomopathogenic agents.and different types of biological agents in management of pest

2. N. H. SHANKAR REDDY
2nd m.sc., plant
pathology
Annamlai university
Tamil Nadu

3. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PEST
• Pest suppression has been highlighted as a
potentially important ecosystem service of
biodiversity
Way & Heong 1994; Mooney et al. 1995; Swift
et al. 1996; Schlapfer et al. 1999; Wilby &
Thomas 2002

4. Biological control or biocontrol is a
method of controlling pests such as
Insects
mites
weeds and
plant diseases using other organism

5. • Natural enemies of arthropods fall into three
major categories:
predators, parasitoids, and pathogens
(Altieri et al., 2005; Mahr et al., 2008)

6. Syrphus hoverfly larva (below) feed on aphids (above),
making them natural biological control agents.

7.  Parasitism
 Predation
 Pathogen
 Herbivory

8.  PREDATION

9. Paramecium, a predatory ciliate,
feeding on bacteria

10. Preying mantid
consuming insect
prey.

11. Predatory Polistes wa
sp searching for
bollworms or
other caterpillars on
a cotton plant

12.  PARASITISM
Idiobiont parasitoid wasps immediately paralyse their hosts for
their larvae (Pimplinae, pictured) to eat (Wilson)

13. Encarsia formosa, widely used in greenhouse horticulture,
was one of the first biological control agents developed

14. PATHOGENS
• Pathogens are disease-causing organisms. Just as
many other organisms get sick, so do insects.
• The main groups of insect disease-causing
organisms are insect-parasitic bacteria, fungi,
protozoa, viruses, and nematodes. Biological
control using pathogens is often called microbial
control. One very well-known microbial control
agent that is available commercially is the
bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)

15.  Herbivore
• A herbivore is an animal anatomically and
physiologically adapted to eating plant
material, for example foliage, for the main
component of its diet
• As a result of their plant diet it digests variety
of materials

16. • Along with this
Fungi,
Bacteria,
Virus and
Oomycota

17. Beauveria bassiana
• Named after Agostino Bassi
(Italian entomologist) who discovered it in
1815 as the cause of the muscardine disease
which then led to carriers transmitting it by
airborne.
• It was formerly also known as Tritirachium
shiotae, After named to B. bassiana

18. Beauveria bassiana for Insect
Management
• Beauveria bassiana is a fungus acts as a
parasite on various arthropods causing white
muscardine disease in insects.
• A typical isolate of B.bassiana can attack a
broad range of insects.

19. • It is being used as a biological insecticide to
control a number of pests such as
Termites,
Thrips,
Whiteflies,
Aphids and
Different beetles.
• Its use in the control of bedbugs and malaria-
transmitting mosquitos is under investigation

20. Beauveria bassiana is mass-produced and used to manage a wide variety
of insect pests including whiteflies, thrips, aphids and weevils.

21. white muscardine disease
• The insect disease caused by the fungus is
a muscardine which has been called white
muscardine disease.
• spores of the fungus come into contact with the
body of an insect host and grow inside, killing the
insect within a matter of days.
• Afterwards, a white mould emerges from the
cadaver and produces new spores.
• A typical isolate of B. bassiana can attack a broad
range of insects

22. • Aphids
• Whiteflies
• Mealybugs
• Psyllids
– Chinch bug
– Lygus bugs
• Grasshoppers
• Stink bugs (Halyomorpha halys)
• Thrips
• Termites
• Fire ants
• Flies
• Stem borers
– Fungal gnats
– Shoreflies
• Beetles
– Bark beetles
– Black vine weevil
– Boll weevil
– Cereal leaf beetle
– Coffee borer beetle
– Colorado potato beetle
– Emerald ash borer (in conjunction
with the parasitoid wasp Tetrastichus
planipennisi)
– Japanese beetle
– Mexican bean beetle
– Red palm weevil
– Strawberry Root Weevil
• Caterpillars
– Codling moth
– Douglas fir tussock moth
– European corn borer
– Invasive silkworms
– Apple clearwing moth
• Mites

23. Golden silk orb-weaver dead from white muscardine disease with
white mold emerging from the cadaver's joints and pores

24. Nephila clavipes (Golden silk orb-weaver)

26. Mass production of white muscardine
fungus Beauvaria bassiana
Materials required
• Sorghum
• Water
• Chalk powder
• Autoclave

27. Methodology
• Soak 1 Kg of Sorghum in water for 48 hours. Replace
water after 24 hrs, after 48 hrs. rinse water completely.
• Separate equally in 10-15 flasks and plug with hard
cotton cushion and wrap with double aluminum foil.
• Sterilize for 40 minutes with 21 psi. Inoculate the each
flask containing jowar with 2-3 drop of nucleus culture
after cooling.
• Beauveria culture will grow fully after 20-25 days. Mix
2 Kg of chalk powder in Beauveria culture and dry in
shade

28. • Dose
1 gram/liter of water or 1 Kg/1000 liter of
water/ha (Repeat application after 10-20 days
interval)

29. Beauveria bassiana cultured
on solid substrates in
polypropylene bags
Helicoverpa armigera larvae
infected with Beauveria
bassiana

30. Mass production of green muscardine
fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae
In Carrot broth
• Carrot cut into small pieces (40 g) is washed in potable
water and transferred to conical flask (250 ml) and 15 ml of
distilled water is added.
• The conical flasks are plugged with cotton and autoclaved
for 20 min at 15 psi.
• The flasks are allowed to cool and taken to laminar flow
chamber for inoculation.
• From a clean uncontaminated mother culture in slant
loopful quantities of M. anisopliae spores are transferred
aseptically.
• The flasks are incubated at room temperature. The spores
can be harvested in a fortnight.

31. Green-Muscardine Fungus, Metarrhizium
anisopliae as a Control for Wireworms

32. Mass production Verticillium lecanii
• Production procedure
• The fungus is multiplied on cheap media for large scale
production.
• Sorghum grains devoid of pesticide residues (40 g) is washed
in potable water and transferred to conical flask (250 ml) and
15 ml of distilled water is added.
• The conical flasks are plugged with cotton and autoclaved for
20 min at 15 psi.
• The flasks are allowed to cool and taken to laminar flow
chamber for inoculation.
• From a clean uncontaminated mother culture in slant loopful
quantities of V. lecani spores are transferred aseptically.
• The flasks are incubated at room temperature. The spores are
obtained in a fortnight.

33. Mechanism involved in
entomopathogenic fungi
• (1) competition for resources and niche
• (2) production of secondary metabolites
• (3) promotion of plant growth, and
• (4) induction of systemic resistance are among
the underlying mechanisms for plant
protection against disease pathogens when
using "fungal entomopathogens as
endophytes"

34. Safety
• Beauveria products are reduced risk
pesticides. Even so, applicators should wear
 long-sleeved shirt and long pants
 shoes plus socks
 dust/mist filtering respirator (WP
formulation)
 waterproof gloves
 goggles (ES formulations)

35. • Viruses
Baculoviruses, the most common and
effective type of insect viruses are the be
useful in biological pest control.
• infect over 600 insect species worldwide.
• Most baculoviruses infect caterpillars, which
are the immature form of moths and
butterflies.

36. Advantages and Disadvantages of
Insect Viruses for Controlling Pests
Adavantges -
• Insect viruses are unable to infect mammals, including
humans, which makes them very safe to handle.
• Most insect viruses are relatively specific,
(so the risk of non-target effects on beneficial insects is
very low)
• Many viruses occur naturally and may already be
present in the environment.
• Even in cases where they are applied, successful
infections can perpetuate the disease outbreak making
repeat applications within a season unnecessary.

37. Disadvantages
• Most insect viruses take several days to kill
their host insect, during which the pest is still
causing damage.

38. • Baculovirus expression in insect cells
represents a robust method for producing
recombinant glycoproteins or membrane
proteins.
• Baculovirus-produced proteins are currently
under study as therapeutic cancer vaccines
with several immunologic advantages over
proteins derived from mammalian sources.

39. TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL
Classical (importation)
Inductive (augmentation)
and
Inoculative
(conservation)

40.  Classical (importation)
• where a natural enemy of a pest is
introduced into new areas for the hope
of achieving control
• some introduced species became serious
pests themselves.

41. Rodolia cardinalis, the vedalia beetle, was imported from Australia to
California in the 19th century, successfully controlling cottony cushion scale.

42. Inductive (augmentation)
• large population of natural enemies are
administered for quick pest control
• involves the supplemental release of natural
enemies that occur in a particular area,
boosting the naturally occurring populations
there

43. Hippodamia convergens, the convergent lady beetle, is commonly
sold for biological control of aphids

44. • Periodic releases of the parasitoidal
wasp, Encarsia formosa, are used to control
greenhouse whitefly,
• while the predatory mite Phytoseiulus
persimilis is used for control of the two-
spotted spider mite.

45. Inoculative (conservation)
• Measures are taken to maintain natural
enemies through regular reestablishment
• Conservation of existing natural enemies
• Natural enemies are already adapted to
the habitat and to the target pest, and
their conservation can be simple and
cost-effective

46. An inverted flowerpot filled with straw to
attract earwigs

47. • In the absence of disruptive insecticides, natural
enemies can control key orchard pests
o European red mite (Panonychus ulmi, ERM),
- (Collyer, 1976)
o Wolley apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum, WAA)
- (Shaw et al., 1997; Shaw and Walker, 1996)

48. o apple leaf curling midge (Dasineura mali,
ALCM)
- Shaw et al., 2003
o Leafrollers (Suckling et al., 1998)

49. Difficulties
• Through predation, parasitism, pathogenicity,
competition, or other attacks on non-target
species

50. Cane toad (introduced into Australia 1935) spread from 1940 to
1980: it was ineffective as a control agent. Its distribution has
continued to widen since 1980.

51. Cane toad

52. GROWER EDUCATION
• Growers sticking to the familiar use of
pesticides
• However, pesticides have a variety of
undesired effects,
 including the development of resistance
among pests, and
 the destruction of natural enemies

53. BIOCAT
• Database system which contains records of
introduction of insects, natural enemies,
parasitoids and predators for the control of
insect pests.
• The data base was compiled on a persona
computer using the dBase IV programme,
each field consists of 13 fields

54.  Pest
 Other pest
 Classification of pest
 Country
 Date
 Agent
 Classification of agent
 Origin of agents
 Origin of pest
 Crop
 Source
 Results

55. Bibliography
Bradley J. Cardinale*, Chad T. Harvey, Kevin Gross and Anthony R. Ives. 2003. Biodiversity and
biocontrol: emergent impacts of a multi-enemy assemblage on pest suppression and crop
yield in an agro ecosystem. Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin Madison,
Madison., 6; 857 – 865.
Grethead, D.J. And Grethead, A. H., biological control insects parasitoids and predators: the
BIOCAT database, Bio control news and information, 13( 4); 61 - 68