very help full for aquatic study

2. Name: Neelesh Kumar
ID No. F-5318/10
Class: B.F.Sc. IVth Year
C. No. FHOT-411(N)
Instructor’s
Dr. A.P. Rao
Dr. L. Prasad
Dr. Shakila Khan

3. 1. Introduction of marine environment.
2. Concept of ecology.
3. Definitions of environment and ecology.
4. Components of environment.
5. Zonation of marine environment.
6. Classification of ocean water mass: base
of light penetration and base of depth.
7. Sub-division of ecology.

4.  Only 29% of the world surface present is land.
 The rest of ocean home to the marine life forms.
 The environment is surrounded by the
important phases namely atmosphere and
earth.
 The ocean average 4 kilometers in depth and
are fringed with coastlines that run for nearly
3,80,000 kilometers.
 Ocean covers about 71% of the earth‘s surface
and between of their depth.

5. MARINE ENVIRONMENT

6.  The contain about 300 times the habitats
volume of the terrestrial volume habitats
on the earth.
 It’s include under study about the
ecology, environment, population,
community, ecosystem, and others also
studies.

7.  The term ecology was coined only a late as
1860.
 It has been derived from the two “Greek
words” first oikos and second logos, both
meanings home/estate and study.
 Literally it means to the study of the home/
household of the nature/organisms.
 Reciprocal relationship between both
organisms (plant & animal) and their
environment.

8.  “The sum of the total of marine living
components influents and events surrounding
of an marine organisms” is knows as marine
environment.
 The scientific definition about “The reciprocal
relationship between organisms (plants and
animals) and their environment” is known as
ecology.

9. 1. BIOTIC COMPONENTS:- These are living in
nature. It includes green plants, non green
plants, decomposers, parasites, animals and
mans etc.
2. ABIOTIC COMPONENTS:- These are non
living in nature.
 It includes energy, water, atmospheric gases &
winds, fire, topography, geological substratum
and soil etc.

10. BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC COMPONENTS

11.  Covering about 71% of earth’s surface and 11.2
kilometers deep in some zones, the ocean is
largest and most stable of all biomass.
 The seafloor environment is the benthic zone
and the water environment is the pelagic zone.
 The marine ecosystem has been classified by
the ecologist from various angles like depth,
type of bottom and light level etc.

13. (i).CONTINENTAL MARGIN:-This includes
continental shelf and continental slope, the
continental shelves fringes the continents and
slope gently towards the ocean basins.
 They are relatively flat, gently less then 130
meters deep.
 The range depth of continental shelf is 30m –
275m.

14.  Seawards from the continental shelf is the
continental slope.
 The slope is scarred by many sub-marine
canyons have been cut by turbidity current of
dance sediment laden waters flowing down the
surface of the continental slope.

15.  Sediments from the continental are carried into
the deep ocean through the canyons present in
the continental slope.
 At the floor of the continental slope has
suspended materials and sediment settle out,
the slope gently towards the ocean floor, is
known as “Continental Rise”.
 It has a gradients between 1:50-1:800.

16.  These are extends seawards from the
continental rise /continental margins.
 “Abyssal plains” are found at the base of the
continental rise and the relatively flat plains.
 They are formed due to even deposition of
sediments from the continental rise carried
down by turbidity currents.

17. OCEAN BASIN FLOOR
Continental continental rise ocean basin
margin
Continental shelf continental slope
Abyssal
plains Oceanic rise sea mounts Trenches

18.  The“Oceanic rise” refers to rather isolated
areas which are elevated above the abyssal floor
and are distributed sporadically on the ocean
basin floor.
 They may very from low hills to mountains as
high as 1525 meters.
 The example of “Bermuda rise” is very
prominent in this case on which the Bermuda
island are formed.
 Sea mounts are isolated peak that rise several
thousands meters above the sea floor.
 They are volcanic in origin and are found
principally in the vicinity of fault zones.

19.  ‘Trenches’ are along narrow depression in
ocean floor which are over 6100m deep.
 The deepest know trench in the ocean
compartment is the ‘Mariana trench’ of the
western north pacific which is about 1100m
deep.
 Trenches are invariably isolated with the system
of active.
 Volcanoes and are believed to be caused by
down wrapping of the oceanic crust beneath the
continental crust.

20.  The entire water mass above the ocean floor
with all the divers type of organisms is referred
to as the ‘Pelagic zone’ and may be
differentiated into neritic and oceanic zone.
 Neritic zone is the shallow water zone that
extends from the intertidal zone to the edges of
the continental shelf and includes the coastal
waters having an average depth of 200 meters.

21.  The depth of this zone is >6 kilometers.
 The water masses beyond the continental
shelf and covering the deep abyssal plains
constitute the oceanic zone.
 This zone is divided into sub-zones, such
as epipelagic, mesopelagic, bathypelagic,
abyssopelagic and hadopelagic.

22. (a). PHOTIC OR EUPHOTIC ZONE:- This zone
is the surface zone between surface water to
200meters in depth.
 This zone found 90% light penetration of the
total light penetration of the oceans.
 These are found much flora and fauna than
other zones.
(b). DISPHOTIC ZONE:- This zone decrease
light penetration than euphotic zone.

24.  Flora and fauna also lesser found.
 This zone extends from 200m. to 1000m.
 This zone also known as twilight zone.
(c). APHOTIC ZONE:- This zone also called dark
zone, light penetration are absent of this zone.
 These extends from 1000 meters to deepest
bottom.
 Flora and fauna are lesser or absent.
 This region electrical and light producing
fishes are found.

25. These category, ocean mainly 5 types found, these
are follows_
(a). EPIPELAGIC ZONE:-This zone depth is surface
to 200m.
 Full illuminated zone from light penetration.
 Temperature of this zone is 40°C to -3°C.
 Nearly all primary production in the ocean occurs
here such as plants and animals group largely
concentrated of this zone.

26.  Enough light for photosynthesis and well
primary productivity are found.
(b). MESOPELAGIC ZONE:- Which extends from
200m. to 1000m.
 This zone is in semi darkness as very small light
penetration.
 Hence temperature gradient more even and
gradual, without much seasonal variation.
(c). BATHYPELAGIC ZONE:- Zone which extends
from 1000m.to 4000m.
 Where darkness is virtually complete, for
humans though some fishes and crustaceans to
respond to dim light.

27. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL
DIVISION

28.  Low temperature (0°C to 6°C), high hydrostatic
pressure and complete darkness found.
(d). ABYSSOPELAGIC ZONE:- This zone open
ocean water extending from 4000m. to 6000m.
 Which is equivalent to aphotic/epipelagic zone.
 Where permanent darkness prevails.
 The temperature is uniform at 3°C and
hydrostatic pressure is normous of this zone.
(e). HADALPELAGIC ZONE:- Which zone
extends from 6000m. to bottom of the ocean.
 This region found very few species are know to
live here.

29. The main sub-division of ecology are three
parts_
A. AUTECOLOGY:- It is the study of individual
species/individual in relation to the
environment, These are two types_
(a). SPECIES ECOLOGY:- Individual of same
species are studies.
(b). POPULATION ECOLOGY:- It studies
individuals of same species.

30. SUB-DIVISION OF ECOLOGY
Autecology Synecology Habitat
ecology
Species population
ecology ecology
Community ecosystem ecology
ecology

31. B. SYNECOLOGY:- It is study of the community
of living organisms as a unit in relation to their
environment. It is two types_
(a). COMMUNITY ECOLOGY:- Study of biotic
community comprising of interdependent
plants and animals in a particular area.
(b). ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY:- It deals with the
community of living organisms and their
environment as an integrated unit of nature.

32. C. HABITAT ECOLOGY :- It is study of the
habitat or environment of organisms and it
effect on the organisms.
 Deals also different type of habitat such as
terrestrial, fresh water, marine water and
estuarine on the focus of the study.

33. 1. Marine Microbiology:- Abhijit Mitra,
Department of marine science,
University of Kolkata
700035
2. Oceanography:- Savindra Singh
Department of Geography,
university of Allahabad,
Allahabad, India

34. 3. Manual of Ecology(LSE-02):- Indira Gandhi
National open University(IGNU), School of
science, New Delhi, India
4. Internet Website:- Www.Ocean Division.com,
and
Www.Marine Environmental division.com