2. Learning Theories
Descriptive
Generic
Explain how learning takes place to achieve
certain outcomes
Apply to numerous learning situations
3. Learning Theories:
Behaviorism
B.F. Skinner
Centers on reinforcements and incentives
Emphasis placed on instructor rather than the
learner
Instructor plays central role
Learner is empty slate
4. Learning Theories: Cognition
Jean Piaget
Learner creates new constructs based on
prior experience and knowledge
Focus on learner not teacher
Stages of child development
5. Learning Theories: Social
Cognition
Vygotsky
Roles of social interaction and culture in
learning process
Teacher-student communication
Team Work
Proximal Zone of Development
7. Instructional Theory
Centers on how to ensure desired learning
occurs
Informed by learning theory
Defines core teaching strategies to incorporate in
a lesson
8. Instructional Design (ID)
Informed by instructional theory
How to apply instructional theory to create
effective lessons or training units
Fundamental components
1. Learners 2. Objectives
3. Methods 4. Evaluation
9. ID Key Components
Learners
Learner characteristics
Objectives
General
Enabling
10. ID Key Components
Methods
Instructional strategies
Evaluation
Formative
Summative
A complete ID process has 9 elements.
11. Writing Objectives
Terminal objectives
Those that learners must achieve upon completion of
training, of class enrollment, etc.
The Ends
Enabling objectives
The skills and knowledge the instructor or trainer
provide the learners to achieve achieve terminal
objectives
Means to achieve the Ends
12. Example of Writing Objectives
for TEL Tranining
Terminal objective
1. Understand the purpose
2. Describe the scope of TEL
1. Enabling objective for terminal objective 1
1. Give an overview about TEL (instructor/trainer)
2. Enabling objective for terminal objective 2
1. Demonstrate TEL and show databases in various
disciplines (instructor/trainer)
13. Writing Objectives
Start with a verb
Include one element to achieve in each
objective
Include conditions (if needed), such as
accuracy, effectiveness, and percentage
levels.
Examples: use the Web effectively; provide
answers with 100% accuracy, etc.