prepared by Nawaraj Adhikari

1. Gender Based Violence
Presented by: Nawaraj Adhikari
BPH 3rd Batch (CMC)

2. Definition of gender based violence
The Declaration on the Elimination of Violence
Against Women, adopted by the United Nations
General Assembly in 1993, defines Violence Against
Women as:
“Any act of gender-based violence that results
in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, or
psychological harm or suffering to women,
including threats of such acts, coercion or
arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether
occurring in public or private life”
New York, United Nations, 23 February 1994 (Resolution No.
A/RES/48/104

3. • Nepali women and girls are vulnerable to both
– domestic and
– public violence, such as rape, sexual abuse in the workplace,
and
– human trafficking.
• Moreover, harmful traditional practices, such as
– dowry-related violence,
– Deuki (offering infant girls to temples where they live without
education or proper care),
– Chhaupadi (keeping menstruating women in a shed away
from the home), and
– accusations of witchcraft, can also be life threatening.
• Surveys also indicate that 23 percent of women and 20
percent of men in Nepal believe that domestic violence is
acceptable.

4. Types of GBV
1. Based on place of occurrence
• Domestic
• Custodial
• Public violence & trafficking
• In conflict situation
• Special form of violence in Nepal
1.1Domestic violence
• Most common form of GBV.
• Violence between two intimately linked partners of opposite sex.
• Physical, verbal, emotional, psychological and/or sexual battering of
women/men by her/his partner or spouse.
– Examples: threats or intimidating words; hitting, using a weapon,
rape, imprisonment, financial control, abusive or demeaning
language.

5. 1.2. Custody
• The protective care or guardianship of institutions/people or system
(laws, policies etc.)
Most common form of custodial violence
• Imprisonment-By authority people
• By colleagues.
• Refugee camp
• Rehabilitation centre

6. Public violence & Trafficking
• Ranges from teasing to forced prostitution & mass rape.
• Public places-vehicle, street, school, working places, hat
bazaar etc.
• Trafficking of women and children
VAW in conflict situation
• Conflict increases all forms of GBV.
• Mass displacement leading to more vulnerability of women
and children.
– Examples: Mass rape, military sexual slavery, forced
prostitution, forced marriage and pregnancy.
• Women forced to offer sex for survival, or in exchange for
food, shelter or protection.

7. Especial form of VAW in Nepal
• Culture is not only supporting GBV but also aggravating
it.
Examples:
• Bonded family
• Deuki
• Kumari
• Badi
• Jhuma
• Bhatti pasal
• Kamalari
• Polygamy

8. NDHS 2011
• Near half (47%) of the ever-married women aged 15 - 49 have
experienced some violence (less severe 23%, severe 10% and sexual
14%) in their lifetime. lifetime prevalence of violence against
women is 47 percent in Nepal.
• Prevalence of violence segregated by women’s age shows high
prevalence of violence for aged (40 - 49) women with respect to
young (15 - 19) women.
• The prevalence of “less severe violence” is 16 percent for ever-
married women of age 15 – 19 while this is 26 percent for ever-
married women of age 40 - 49.
• Likewise, the prevalence of “severe violence” and “sexual violence”
is six and 12 percent respectively for ever-married women of age 15
- 19 and 15 percent respectively for ever-married women of age 40 -
49.

9. • This higher prevalence for aged women may be due to the
cumulative effect of violence experienced by woman
throughout her lifetime.
• Category wise, prevalence of violence is 70 percent for
employed women and 67 percent for divorced, separated or
widowed women.
• Those women having more number of living children
experienced more violence in Nepal.
• Prevalence of less severe violence is 15 percent for women
with no children, and this is 34 percent for women with five or
more children.
• Similarly, the prevalence of severe violence is only seven
percent for women with no children and 19 percent for women
with five or more children.

10. • As far as prevalence of sexual violence is concerned, this is 12
percent for women with no children and 23 percent for women
with five or more children. This indicates that all the three types of
violence is higher for women having more children (five or more).
The prevalence of all the three types of violence is high for women
of the Terai region (51%) than women of other regions, viz. hill
and mountain.
• Prevalence of violence is high among uneducated women
compared to educated women. Thus, it can be said that the
education of women will reduce the occurrence of violence.
Prevalence of less severe violence is high among women from
medium wealth quintile (30 percent) and less among women from
richest wealth quintile(12 percent).

11. • Prevalence of severe violence is more among women from
poor wealth quintile (13 percent) and less among women from
richest wealth quintile (4 percent). Likewise, prevalence of
sexual violence is also high among women from poor wealth
quintile (17 percent) and less among women from rich wealth
quintile (10 percent).

12. Statistical Representation Of Women Victimization As Per
Region (INSEC REPORT 2012)
Region
Violence Against Women/Girls Assessing the Situation of Nepal in 2012

13. Violence Against Women/Girls Assessing the Situation of Nepal in 2012 Informal
Sector Service Centre (INSEC) Report

14. Incidences 0f violence as per Age-
Group (Women) Incidences of
violence as per
Age-Group (Child)
Violence Against Women/Girls Assessing the Situation of Nepal in 2012 Informal
Sector Service Centre (INSEC) Report

15. Total number of killings occurred in the
year 2012 against women and girls
Violence Against Women/Girls Assessing the Situation of Nepal in 2012
Informal Sector Service Centre (INSEC) Report

16. Preventive Measures To Combat Against
GBV In Nepal :
- Launch awareness program about the superstitions of
witchcraft practices
- Strong enforcement mechanism in regards to combat
violence against women should be made
- Conduct women empowerment and skill development
training
- Alert civil societies and encourage them to disseminate
the issue of Gender Based Violence
- Strong Laws and Policies to combat violence against
women should be made
- Institute fast-court to provide speedy remedy to victims
of violence against women

17. Thank you !!!!