Gegeven dat de bouw verantwoordelijk is voor ongeveer 50% van het materiaalgebruik, 40% van al het energieverbruik en 30% van het waterverbruik, is het de vraag wat we moeten doen als cement en staal niet meer voor handen zijn. De oplossing ligt bij de circulaire economie. De these gaat in op de potentie van urban mining en het gebruik van gebouwen en hun onderdelen. Hiervoor is een leegstaand kantoorgebouw in Amstel III in Amsterdam getransformeerd naar wonen. Er zijn wel additionele materialen nodig omdat het gebouw wordt uitgebreid. Voor dit ontwerp is gezocht naar de mogelijkheid om hiervoor gebruik te maken van potentiële ‘material mines’. Hiervoor is een oogstkaart gemaakt van gebouwen in de omgeving waarvan het bekend is dat ze gesloopt gaan worden, zogenaamde donorgebouwen. Hierbij is rekening gehouden met de benodigde energie om het materiaal te oogsten. Het resultaat is een hybride architectuur, met behoud van structurele elementen, hergebruikte glazen panelen van donorgebouwen en nieuwe elementen. Kern van het betoog is om vraag en aanbod bij elkaar te brengen en te werken aan hybride architectuur met een positieve invloed op onze omgeving en die de taal van imperfectie spreekt.

1. AMSTEL III
THE RE
USE CITY by Dominik Lukkes

2. “Implementing urban mining as a tool to transform vacant office
buildings, reusing 100% of the existing building components.”

3. 1) Research 2) Analysis 3) Design
Table of contents
Upcycle Amstel
Urban mining
Component reuse
Context
Site
Inventory
Goals & principles
Proposal
Future scenario

4. RESEARCH

5. 1) Research
Upcycle Amstel
Urban mining
Component reuse

6. UPCYCLE
AMSTEL

7. “We will explore the urban mining of construction waste
streams by mapping and analysing these waste streams
in the Amstel III area. This will provide a palette of
resources from which to synthesize new architecture.”
Studio brief

8. 50%
40%
30%
Raw Materials Energy Water
Consumption by the construction sector
The construction sector is responsible for the consumption of
50% of all raw materials, 40% of all energy and 30% of all water.

9. Antimony
Indium
Silver
Copper
Titanium
Tantalum
Phosphorus
Aluminium
Gas
Oil
Coal
Agricultural land
Coral reefs
Rainforests
2012
2062
2037
Today
Ecosystems
Fossil fuels
Minerals
2087
8
12
17
32
35
37
42
44
46
76
80
69
88
196
Material depletion

10. Construction waste
40%
10%
90%
Plastic, wood and metal
Concrete, asphalt and brick
Raw materials Division
90% of all construction waste consists of concrete, asphalt
and brick. The remaining 10% is plastics, wood and metals.

11. Current (linear) building chain
Initiative
Finance
Design
Distribution
Construction
Operation
Vacancy
Demolition

12. Urban mining
Initiative
Inventory
Finance
Design
Operation
Harvest
Construction
Distribution
We must turn our linear
construction process
into a circular one,
where the phase of
demolition is removed
from the process.
Instead, the phases
of urban mining are
introduced: inventory,
harvest and distribution.

13. BAN
MINING
UR

14. “To see urban areas, such as cities and buildings, as
potential material mines, focussing on the recovery of
these materials from the urban catabolism”

15. Phases of urban mining
The determination of the
availability and reusability of
components in buildings.
The recovering of building
components from buildings.
The distribution of the harvested
building components to their
destination.
1. Inventory 2. Harvest 3. Distribution

16. Amstel III harvestmap
2020
Demolition year
2019
2018
2021
What can be harvested from
these buildings that are about
to be demolished? Can we
apply the concept of urban
mining and implement it in this
area? A harvest map allows for
an overview to be created of
potential material sources.

17. PONENT
REUSE
COM

19. Prolong or reuse 1:1
Component reuse
Refurbish or recondition Recycle or downcycle
“The reuse of a whole building or some
of its parts in its same location.”
“The reuse of components that have
been removed and are refurbished or
reconditioned for reuse.”
“The reuse of recycled materials in new
components.”

20. ‘Good’ vs ‘less bad’
1. Prolong
2. Reuse 1:1
3. Refurbish/remanufacture
4. Recycle
5. Downcycle
There are many ways to
engage in reusing, but what
is the best option? Or are all
options just a little less bad?
Determining the best option is
difficult and usually depends
on the achievements that are
to be made: should it help
reduce the cost of a project or
should it reduce the amount
of CO2 produced and energy
needed? Both are not always
possible...

21. Frequently reused components
Floors + roofs Walls Beams
Columns Windows Doors Insulation + wires,
pipes and ducts

22. Influences
Extensive analysis of the
building, its structure and
its facade is required to
determine the reusability of the
components.
Reusability Availability and demand Benefits
Knowledge on where
components can be harvested,
and how many are needed, is vital
to create a healthy balance.
The financial and environmental
benefits need to be assessed,
when deciding what method of
reusing is to be engaged in.
The reusing of building components is influenced
by many factors. The most important three are:

23. Conclusions
1:1
1:1 reuse is
most preferred
Information is vital
for urban mining
Buildings today are
not meant for reuse
One on one reuse is usually
most preferrable in terms of
environmental gains, but not
always in terms of financial gains
or applicability.
The phases of inventory, harvest
and distribution require a lot of
attention, where acquiring the
necessary information on the
building components is key.
All buildings that are to be built
from now on should be designed
and built for future reuse, meaning
the principle of design for
disassembly is important.

24. LYSIS
ANA

25. 2) Analysis
Context
Site
Inventory

26. TEXT
CON

28. Amstelstad

29. Gaasperdam
Bijlmer-Oost
Bijlmer-Centrum
Ouderkerk aan
de Amstel
Amstelveen
Amsterdam-Zuid
Duivendrecht
Diemen-Zuid
Diemen

30. Bijlmer-Centrum
Holendrecht en
Reigersbos
ArenaPoort
Ouderkerk aan
de Amstel

31. Almere (20 min)
A2
A9
Bijlmer Arena
Bullewijk
Strandvliet
Amsterdam Central
Station (10 min)
Schiphol Airport
(15 min)
Holendrecht

32. 1995
Vacant
In use
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
4
8
12
16
20
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Total stock Percentage vacant
%milion m2
Office vacancy
Sources: PBL (30-11-2017), Cushman & Wakefield (21-12-2017)
The graphs show the
amount of vacant offices
in the Netherlands in
2017. Although we see
a decrease in vacancy,
the total amount remains
astonishingly high.
In comparison: we are
talking about more than 35
empty De Rotterdam’s.

33. Municipal goal
“The goal is to make the area known as an attractive and
versatile area of Amsterdam, where people live and work.”

34. Facts and figures
There is currently:
The municipalty wants
to build more: The municipality wants: The municipality wants:
They municipality wants a:
The municipality
wants to add:
40%
+
m²
720.000 m² office space
High and dense
+15.000 dwellings
40% social housing
Circular transformation
Larger dwellings
+

35. Page Title
TE
SI

36. Spot-Amsterdam
Amsterdam-Arena
IKEA
AMC

37. Harvest Locations
Based on the knowledge
gained through doing
research, the area allows
us to set potential harvest
locations: buildings and
structures that are to be
demolished.

38. The chosen project site
is located in the middle of
planned developments.
The reason behind this
choice is based on the idea
that the project should
set an example for the
redevelopment of the area.
Project-site

39. Hessenbergweg 109-119The project consists of an
office building, built in the 80’s,
that is now partly vacant.

40. FSI = 2.7
(Zuid-As = 4.0)
Developments

41. Park

42. Routing

43. VEN
TORY
IN

44. Facade
Brick facade
Glasswool insulation
Bitumen roofing
PIR insulation
Wood panel siding
Aluminum windowframes
Double pane glass

45. Structure
Prefab
concrete walls
Prefab concrete
floor slabs
Prefab
concrete beams
Prefab concrete
columns

46. 4,4%
Stone &
ceramics
1,8%
Gypsum
0,9%
Wood
0,7%
Steel
0,4%
Bitumen
0,3%
Glass
0,05%
Plastics 0,01%
Copper
71%
Concrete C
21%
Sand &
ground
1%
Sand &
ground
7%
Stone &
ceramics
6%
Wood
15%
Steel
10%
Bitumen
3%
Glass
2%
Gypsum
2%
Plastics
Material inventory
Source: Metabolic (2018)
It is necessary to make an
inventory of the amount
of materials inside the
building. We see that most
of the building’s mass is
concrete.
However, if we want to
say something about the
environmental impact of
these materials, we need to
look at the embodied energ
as well.

47. Embodied Energy
“Embodied energy is the energy consumed by all of the
processes associated with the production of building.”

48. Embodied energy and carbon
Brick facade
EPS insulation
Bitumen roofing
Wood panel siding
Aluminum windowframes
Double pane glass
Glasswool insulation
3147 4.311.390 557.019 100+
195 585.000 42.900 100+
0,5 77.500 4.120 20-50
2 19.000 1.020 20-50
16 752.000 7.680 30
14 210.000 11.900 20-50
1,4 124.040 3.500 100+
2 56.000 2.700 100+
Component Amount (tons) Embodied energy
(MJ)
Embodied carbon
(kgCO2
)
Life expectancy
(years)
Sources: Metabolic (2018), Hammond, G,P. and Jones, C.I. (ICE) (2008), own calculations
Concrete walls
Concrete floors
Concrete beams
Concrete columns

49. Brick facade
EPS insulation
Bitumen roofing
Wood panel siding
Aluminum windowframes
Double pane glass
Glasswool insulation
3147 4.311.390 557.019 100+
195 585.000 42.900 100+
0,5 77.500 4.120 20-50
2 19.000 1.020 20-50
16 752.000 7.680 30
14 210.000 11.900 20-50
1,4 124.040 3.500 100+
2 56.000 2.700 100+
Component Amount (tons) Embodied energy
(MJ)
Embodied carbon
(kgCO2
)
Life expectancy
(years)
Concrete walls
Concrete floors
Concrete beams
Concrete columns
Embodied energy and carbon
Sources: Metabolic (2018), Hammond, G,P. and Jones, C.I. (ICE) (2008), own calculations

50. 4,4%
Stone &
ceramics
1,8%
Gypsum
0,9%
Wood
0,7%
Steel
0,4%
Bitumen
0,3%
Glass
0,05%
Plastics 0,01%
Copper
71%
Concrete
54%
Concrete
21%
Sand &
ground
1%
Sand &
ground
7%
Stone &
ceramics
6%
Wood
15%
Steel
10%
Bitumen
3%
Glass
2%
Gypsum
2%
Plastics
Material amounts vs embodied energy
Sources: Metabolic (2018), Hammond, G,P. and Jones, C.I. (ICE) (2008)
Material amounts Embodied energy

51. Conclusions
1) Concrete, brick - high quantity, high impact
These materials account for most of the embodied energy and carbon inside the building and should be
reused 1:1 as much as possible to lower the need for new concrete.
2) Aluminum and insulation - low quantity, high impact
Although in low quantity, the aluminum window frames and insulation have a very high embodied energy. If
possible, these materials should be reused 1:1 (insulation) or recycled (aluminum window frames).
3) Glass and bitumen - medium quantity, high impact
The glass and bitumen in the building also account for a large part of the embodied energy. Again, if
possible, these materials should be reused 1:1 (glass) or recycled (bitumen).
4) Wood - no significant impact
The timber materials relatively speaking, have little significant impact on the embodied energy of the
building.

52. Conclusions
prolong or reuse 1:1
prolong
refurbish and recycle
recycle and reuse 1:1
Brick facade
Glasswool insulation
Bitumen roofing
PIR insulation
Wood panel siding
Aluminum windowframes
Double pane glass

53. Conclusions
prolong
prolong
prolong
prolong
Prefab
concrete walls
Prefab concrete
floor slabs
Prefab
concrete beams
Prefab concrete
columns

54. Additional harvest locations
Hoogoorddreef 60 + 62
1988
12.600 m²
Hogehilweg 5 + 7
1984
5.400 m²
Hettenheuvelweg 8
1987
2.400 m²
Demo year: 2019-2020
Additionally needed
materials for the
transformation of the
project are to be harvested
from the area. Therefore,
additional harvest locations
have been selected to
collect materials and
building components from.

55. Hoogoorddreef 60 + 62

56. Hogehilweg 5 + 7

57. Hettenheuvelweg 8

58. Component reuse
Concrete columns
Concrete beams
Concrete walls
Concrete floors
Gypsum wall board
Wires, pipes and ducts
Insulation
Interior doors
Bitumen roofing
Aluminum window frames
Reflective glass
recycle and reuse 1:1
reuse 1:1
refurbish and reuse 1:1
recycle and reuse 1:1recycle
refurbish

59. SIGN
DE

60. 3) Design
Goals & principles
Proposal
Scenario

61. CIPLES
GOALS
& PRIN

62. Goals
The building will be transformed where the office spaces make
place for dwellings and public functions.1.
All existing building components shall be reused.
2.
The process of urban mining shall be used as a tool to make the
reuse of components possible.3.

63. Design Principles
Reuse existing building
components for 100%
Additional materials are to
be harvested locally
Design for
disassembly

64. PRO
POSAL

65. Urban fabric
hessenbergweg 109-119

66. Urban fabric
1. The plinth should engage
with the park.

67. Urban fabric
2. The building should
respond to the surrounding
high-rise developments.

68. Urban fabric
3. The building should be
oriented logically towards
the sun.

69. Proposal

70. Existing and proposed

71. Existing and proposed
Existing
Existing
The proposal is a structure
that embraces the existing
building and extends it in
width and height.

72. Existing and proposed
Addition
Extract
Extract
Extensions
The existing building is
extended on both the north-
east and south-west facade.
Two additional floors are
built on top. To allow for
enough daylight entering the
building, 4 extractions are
made creating 4 courtyards.

73. 5400 5400 5400 5400 5400 5400 5400 5400 5400 54005000
64000
5000
1
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
2
3
4
5
6
7
Ground Floor - Existing Situation
1:200
Existing situation
Ground Floor

74. 5400 5400 5400 5400 5400 5400 5400 5400 5400 54005000
64000
5000
1
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
2
3
4
5
6
7
Ground Floor - Proposed Situation
1:200
Extensions
Ground Floor
Shops + Bars
Dwellings

75. Public side
The north-east facade is
oriented towards the public
park. The plinth is intended
for shops, bars and retail.

76. Private side
The south-west facade
is the more private side,
intended for the residents of
the building. Balconies and
terraces allow for residents
to enjoy the sun and the
outdoor in a private setting.

77. Detail 1 Detail 2 Detail 3
P = + 18200
P = + 17500
P = + 14000
P = + 10500
P = + 7000
P = + 3500
P = + 0
1234567
Cross Section
ParkPlot
Oriëntation

78. Interventions
Detail 1 Detail 2 Detail 3
P = + 18200
P = + 17500
P = + 14000
P = + 10500
P = + 7000
P = + 3500
P = + 0
1234567
Cross Section Existing

79. Interventions
Detail 1 Detail 2 Detail 3
P = + 18200
P = + 17500
P = + 14000
P = + 10500
P = + 7000
P = + 3500
P = + 0
1234567
Cross Section
Extension Extension

80. Floor structure:
Finish floor
Floor heating 50 mm
Insulation (isovlas) 90 mm
CLT element 180 mm
Floor structure:
Finish floor
Floor heating 50 mm
Insulation (isovlas) 90 mm
Concrete floor (existing) 200 mm
Insulation (existing) 100 mm
Floor structure:
Finish floor
Floor heating 50 mm
Insulation (isovlas) 90 mm
Concrete floor (recycled) 200 mm
Insulation (isovlas) 100 mm
Existing brick facadeNew glass facade
Extension
Detail 1 Detail 2 Detail 3
P = + 18200
P = + 17500
P = + 14000
P = + 10500
P = + 7000
P = + 3500
P = + 0
1234567

81. Floor structure:
Finish floor
Floor heating 50 mm
Insulation (isovlas) 90 mm
CLT element 180 mm
Floor structure:
Finish floor
Floor heating 50 mm
Insulation (isovlas) 90 mm
Concrete floor (existing) 200 mm
Insulation (existing) 100 mm
Floor structure:
Finish floor
Floor heating 50 mm
Insulation (isovlas) 90 mm
Concrete floor (recycled) 200 mm
Insulation (isovlas) 100 mm
Recycled concrete floor
New CLT floor
Extension
Detail 1 Detail 2 Detail 3
P = + 18200
P = + 17500
P = + 14000
P = + 10500
P = + 7000
P = + 3500
P = + 0
1234567

82. Section model

84. Interior

85. Interior
Existing brick wall
Reused timber
New CLT timber

86. Exterior

87. Exterior
Reused concrete structure
Reused timber

89. 5400 5400 5400 5400 5400 5400 5400 5400 5400 54005000
64000
5000
1
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
2
3
4
5
6
7
Ground Floor - Proposed Situation
1:200
Extraction
Ground Floor

90. Courtyard
The courtyards allow for
day-light to enter the
dwellings. The dwellins are
also accesses through these
courtyards.

91. Courtyard
Reusing the harvested
mirror glas panels from
surrounding buildings allows
for a bit more light to enter
the courtyard.
To guarantee visual and
acoustic privacy a living
green wall is introduced.
The visibility of the original
concrete structure reminds
residents and visitors of the
value of existing buildings.

92. Courtyard

93. Existing concrete structure
Green facade
Courtyard

94. Page TitleCourtyard

95. Reused mirror glass
CourtyardCourtyard

96. Mirror glass

97. Privacy

98. Detail 1 Detail 2 Detail 3
P = + 18200
P = + 17500
P = + 14000
P = + 10500
P = + 7000
P = + 3500
P = + 0
1234567
Overview
CLT framing
designed for
disassembly
recycled bitumen + insulation reused glass
reused concrete
structure

99. Overview
Detail 1 Detail 2 Detail 3
P = + 18200
P = + 17500
P = + 14000
P = + 10500
P = + 7000
P = + 3500
P = + 0
1234567refurbished gypsum wallboard
reused glass
in reclaimed
timber frames
recycled conrete and brick
terrazzo floor tiles
recycled conrete floor
refurbished wood
recycled
conrete floor

100. SCE
NARIO

101. Hessenbergweg 109-119
Material storage
Temporary factory
Harvest location
Harvest location
Harvest location
Redevelopment
component
recycling
Reuse
Direct reuse
Store recycled
materials until needed
Store harvested
materials until needed
New materials
To facilitate this type of
redevelopment, it’s necessary to
‘connect the dots.’ This requires
the analysis of current and
future developments, as well as
the inventory of the buildings
and structures that comprise
these developments.
In some scenario, it might
even be interesting to create
temporary factories and material
storages to allow for local reuse
and recycling of materials and
components.
Phase 1

102. Hessenbergweg 109-119
Material storage
Temporary factory
Temporary factory
Harvest location
Harvest location
Harvest location
Redevelopment
Development
component
recycling
component
refurbishment
Reuse
Direct reuse
Recycled material
storage until needed
Temporary
storage
If more developments get
involved and project timelines
are aligned where possible, the
potential of reusing buildings
and materials locally will
enhance...
Phase 2

103. Hessenbergweg 109-119
Material storage
Temporary factory
Temporary factory
Harvest location
Harvest location
Harvest location
Redevelopment
Development
Development
component
recycling
component
refurbishment
Reuse
Direct reuse
Direct reuse
Recycled material
storage until needed
Temporary
storage
Refurbish
components
Development
New materials
... and a circular transformation
of Amstel III might not be such
an utopian idea.
Phase ...?

104. AMSTEL III
THE RE
USE CITY by Dominik Lukkes

105. “Introducing the architectural language of imperfection.”
by Dominik Lukkes