NDGeospatialSummit2022 - A Look Underneath the Climax Slump
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Presented during the 2022 North Dakota Geospatial Summit in Bismarck, ND, September 14-15.
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NDGeospatialSummit2022 - A Look Underneath the Climax Slump
- 1. “A Look Underneath the Climax Slump” SOIL 644 Graduate Case Study Beverly Álvarez-Torres1*, Annalie Peterson1* Carrie Knutson1,2, Cecelia Castleberry1, Katelyn Landeis1,2, David Hopkins1 1 North Dakota State University 2 NDSU Agriculture and Extension Photo Credit: Knutson 2021
- 2. Underneath the Slump • Geology Perspectives • Rotational Slump • Formation, Geology and Parent Material • Ground water • Geospatial analysis • Soil Type • Particle Size Data • Geospatial Analysis • Economic Analysis Photo Credit: Knutson 2021
- 3. Photo Credit: Knutson 2021
- 4. Photo Credit: Hopkins 2021
- 5. Aerial Perspective Photo Credit Annalie Peterson 2021 Photos taken by Annalie Peterson and Matt Retka, an alumni from NDSU.
- 6. Photo Credit Annalie Peterson 2021 N
- 7. Photo Credit Annalie Peterson 2021 N
- 8. Photo Credit Annalie Peterson 2021 N
- 9. Illustration: D.Schwert, 2013 Traverse cracks influence groundwater flow path
- 10. N
- 11. Conceptual model of a rotational slump. Source: Strahler Physical Geography, 3rd Ed. Slide Credit: Dr. Hopkins 2021 Loose sediments and ground water movement are main cause of slumps
- 12. N
- 13. October 19, 2021 Photo Credit: Knutson 2021
- 14. Photo Credit: Knutson 2021
- 15. Photo Credit: Knutson 2021
- 16. Photo Credit- Phil Gerla 2021 N
- 17. Poplar River Formation - West Fargo Member • Consists of fluvial channel sediment and some near-channel overbank sediment • Composed mostly of silt and very fine sand in the Trail county area • Sand contains large- and small- scale cross bedding • Overlies Brenna Formation and is covered by the Sherack Formation Harris et al. 2020; p. 36 and 38 Did the Poplar River Fm. lead to destabilization causing the large slump?
- 18. Harris et al. 2020; p. 9 Formation, Geology and Parent Material
- 20. Harris et al. 2020; p. 12
- 21. Ground Water Flow Photo Credit: Joe Zelezink 2021 Is it possible that groundwater regimes and preferential flow paths lead to large-scale destabilization
- 22. Video Credit: Joe Zelezink 2021
- 23. Geospatial Analysis Goals • Determine the soil type • Make a morphological description of the landslide • Measure the volume of soil displaced • Quantify a possible economic loss for the farmer
- 24. USDA, NRCS: Accessed 11/12/21 Soil Type
- 25. Soil Type - I383A • 0-150 cm • Fine-silty, mixed, superactive frigid Pachic Hapludolls Overly, Silty Clay Loam
- 26. Overly, Silty Clay Loam Fine-silty, mixed, superactive frigid Pachic Hapludolls Soil order Mollisols have enough rain in summer to equal or exceed the amount of evapotranspiration; or have adequate winter rains to recharge the soils little development of horizons From Greek achys, thick A horizon A soil warmer in summer where the mean annual temperature is lower than 8°C, and the difference between mean summer and mean winter soil temperatures (June to August and December to February) is more than 5°C either at a depth of 50 cm A soil that have a ratio of cation-exchange capacity (by NH4 OAc at pH 7) to clay (percent by weight) of 0.60 or more Mixed clay mineralogy, less than 50% clay content between 18%-35% and less than 15% sand that is coarser than very fine Soil Survey Staff. 2014
- 27. Soil Type - I16F • A - 0 to 16 inches: fine sandy loam • Cg - 16 to 80 inches: stratified loamy sand to silt loam Fluvaquents, frequently flooded • A - 0 to 9 inches: loam • C - 9 to 60 inches: loam Hapludolls complex
- 28. Overly, Silty Clay Loam Hapludolls Soil order Mollisols have enough rain in summer to equal or exceed the amount of evapotranspiration; or have adequate winter rains to recharge the soils little development of horizons Fluvaquents Soil order Entisols A soil that is virtually free of dissolved oxygen because it is saturated by groundwater or by water of the capillary fringe. Soil Survey Staff. 2014 From Latin fluvius), fluviatile, marine, and lacustrine sediments that receive fresh material at regular intervals or have received it in the recent past
- 29. Photo Credit: Hopkins 2021 Photo Credit: K. Landeis 2021 Soil Particle Size
- 30. Photo Credit: Knutson 2021 Soil Particle Size
- 31. Photo Credit: Hopkins 2021 Similar Location to Sample #7 Collection Site Soil Particle Size
- 32. Soil Particle Size Objective: Higher sand content in laboratory analysis than field observations Methods: • Soil sample collection • Soil ground and sieve • Mix 50 g of soil saturated with 100 mL sodium hexametaphosphate in a 250 mL plastic bottle • Shake overnight • Soil particle separation by sieves • Oven at 104°C by overnight • Calculate weight differences
- 33. Table 1. Data obtained from the soil particle size analysis by mechanical separation Soil Particle Weight Sample ID Number Silt + Clay Course Silt Very fine sand and coarse silt Medium Sand Sieve size < 38 μm >38 μm >53 μm >250 μm 1 46.47 2.89 0.68 2 39.06 6.22 4.74 3 40.50 8.27 1.28 4 48.93 0.38 0.77 5 47.30 0.34 0.41 2.01 6 49.43 0.15 0.27 0.23 7 36.40 11.19 2.13 0.33 Soil Particle Size
- 34. Possible Explanation The carbonates broke down what appeared as sand in the field but were silt and clay particles that were stuck together. https://www.ashtabulaswcd.org/Education/swcd_games.html Soil Particle Size
- 35. Flight planification • Dronelink App To automates drone missions • Photogrammetric flight A drone flight designed as rectilinear paths positioned side by side Flight execution • Drone DJI Mavic Mini (249 g) Morphological Description
- 36. Image processing • PIX4Dmapper A photogrammetry software with photogrammetric tools for drone mapping Morphological Description
- 39. Reconstruction of the land surface Morphological Description
- 40. Digital Surface Model (DSM) • DSM final • Useful to calculate the volume of Soil Displaced Morphological Description
- 41. Before • DSM initial • Light Detection and Ranging or Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) After • DSM final • drone Digital Surface Model (DSM) Volume of Soil Displaced
- 43. Volume of Soil Displaced Before • DSM initial • LIDAR After • DSM final • drone less Equal to Volume of Soil Displaced
- 44. Calculate how much of the area are represented in the economical loose Possible Economic Loss
- 45. Conclusions Geospatial analysis • Soil with high water capacity derived from marine, and lacustrine sediments • Silt and clay content higher in laboratory analysis than field observations • Drone technology implemented as a tool for slump geomorphological description • Total impacted area estimated in 4,722 m2 • Total volume displaced estimated in 26,903.2 m3 • Economic loss estimated about $26,000 Geologic perspective • Rotational slumps are caused by loose sediments and water flow • We see both factors • It's likely there was interaction between both causing destabilization
- 46. Acknowledgements Mr. And Mrs. Erickson Kevin Horsager José P. Castro Matt Retka Thomas DeSutter
- 47. References • Gerla, Phil. Personal Communication. Re Files Related to the Erickson Slump. Received by Carrie Knutson, Cecelia Castleberry, Katelyn Landeis, Annalie Peterson, Beverly Alvarez Torres and David Hopkins, 9 Nov. 2021, and 30 Nov. 2021. • Garrels, Robert. M. “Chapter 9”. A Textbook of Geology. Harper and Brothers. 1951. 197-217. • Harris, Kenneth L., L. A. Manz and B. A. Lusardi. “Quaternary Stratigraphic Nomenclautre, Red River Valley, North Dakota and Minnesota and Update”. North Dakota Geological Survey. Miscellaneous Series NO. 95. 2020 • Hopkins, D. Soils 444/644 Genesis and Survey. Fall 2021. Fargo ND. Lecture. • Jantzi, D., K. Hagemeister, and B. Krupich. 2020. North Dakota Agricultural Statistics 2020. Ag Statistics No. 89. Available in https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/North_Dakota/Publications/Annual_Statistical_Bulletin/20 20/ND-Annual-Bulletin20.pdf • Schwert, Donald P. Website. "Geology of the Fargo-Moorhead Region; An Overview of the Problem: Mass Wasting". Available in https://www.ndsu.edu/fargo_geology/mass_wasting/problem.htm • Soil Survey Staff. 2014. Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 12th ed. USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, DC. Available in https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/?cid=nrcs142p2_053580 • Sun, H., J. Zhong, Y. Zhao, S. Shen, Y. Shang. 2013. The Influence of Localized Slumping on Groundwater Seepage and Slope Stability. Journal of Earth Science, Vol. 24, No. 1, p. 104–110. • Unites States Department of Agriculture, NRCS. Web Soil Survey. https://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/App/WebSoilSurvey.aspx. Accessed 12 Nov. 21.