Simple slide show about research designs especially made for students working with Science Investigatory Projects. This also helpful for students who are first timer working with research.
3. What is Research Design?
-Like a blueprint for the research.
-A research design is a plan that
guides the decision as to:
4. QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
• A systematic subjective
approach used to
describe life experiences
and give them meaning.
• A formal, objective, systematic process
for obtaining information about the
world. A method used to describe, test
relationships, and examine cause and
effect relationships
• To gain insight; explore
the depth, richness, and
complexity inherent in
the phenomenon.
• To test relationships,
describe, examine cause
and effect relations
14. Is the simplest form of
research design. In a pre-
experiment either a single
group or multiple groups are
observed subsequent to some
o One-shot case study design
o One-group pretest-posttest
design
o Static-group comparison
15. Let us use the symbols in some
examples:
X- Treatment
O test
O1 O2 O3 O4... series of tests
O1 Pre test
O2 Post test
R-Randomization
16. One Shot Case Study
To attempt to explain a consequence by an antecedent.
X O
20. A quasi-experiment is an empirical study used to
estimate the causal impact of an intervention on its
target population.
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Control Group Posttest Design
Control Group Pretest-Posttest Design
Nonequivalent Control Group Design with Posttest Only
Nonequivalent Control Group Design with Pretest and
Posttest
Time Series Experimental design
22. Control Group Pretest-Posttest Groups Design
Quasi-Experimental Designs
O1 X O2
Pretest and posttest comparison are
prone to many errors and biases.
Useful when pre scores are available to
educators that have been stable for long
period of time.
24. Nonequivalent Control Group Pretest-
Posttest Design
To investigate a situation where random selection and
assignment are not possible. Most commonly used quasi-
experiment design.
O1 X O2
O1 ___ O2
Quasi-Experimental Designs
25. Quasi-Experimental Designs
Time Series Experimental Design
To determine the influence of a variable introduced
only after a series of initial of observations and only
where one group is available.
O1 O2 O3 O4 X
O5 O6 O7 O8
26. Quasi-Experimental Designs
Control Group Time Series Design
To bolster the validity of the previous design with the addition of a
control group.
O1 O2 O3 O4 X
O5 O6 O7 O8
O1 O2 O3 O4
O5 O6 O7 O8
28. True Experimental Design
regarded as the most accurate form of experimental
research.
it tries to prove or disprove a hypothesis mathematically,
with statistical analysis.
employ both a control group and a means to measure the
change that occurs in both groups.
often thought of as the only research method that can
adequately measure the cause and effect relationship
29. For an experiment to be classed as a true experimental design, it
must fit all of the following criteria.
The sample groups must be assigned randomly.
There must be a viable control group.
Only one variable can be manipulated and tested. It is possible to test
more than one, but such experiments and their statistical analysis
tend to be cumbersome and difficult.
The tested subjects must be randomly assigned to either control or
experimental groups.
30. True Experimental Design
can be classified as:
Randomized subjects posttest-only control group design
Randomized matched subjects posttest-only control group
design
Randomized subjects pretest-posttest control group design
Solomon three-group design
Solomon four-group design
31. To discuss about experimental designs, we need to use some
terms and symbols.
X = independent variable or the treatment.
E = experimental group (group that receives the treatment)
C = control group (group that DOES NOT receive the
treatment)
O test
S = subjects
R = randomization/random assignment
Mr = matching of subjects
32. Posttest Equivalent Groups Study
Each group, chosen and assigned at random is presented with either
the treatment or some type of control
Posttests are then given to each subject to determine if a difference
between the two groups exists.
It is difficult to determine if the difference apparent at the end of the
study is an actual change from the possible difference at the
beginning of the study.
True Experimental Design
35. Pretest Posttest Equivalent Groups Study
this method is the most effective in terms of demonstrating
cause and effect but it is also the most difficult to perform.
The pretest posttest equivalent groups design provides for
both a control group and a measure of change but also adds
a pretest to assess any differences between the groups prior
to the study taking place.
True Experimental Design
37. True Experimental Design
Solomon Group Design
The Solomon group design is a way of avoiding some of
the difficulties associated with the pretest-posttest
design.
This design contains extra control groups, which serve to
reduce the influence of confounding variables and allow
the researcher to test whether the pretest itself has an
effect on the subjects.
41. Advantages
The results of a true experimental design can be
statistically analyzed and so there can be little argument
about the results.
It is also much easier for other researchers to replicate the
experiment and validate the results.
For physical sciences working with mainly numerical data,
it is much easier to manipulate one variable, so true
experimental design usually gives a yes or no answer.
42. Disadvantages
can be almost too perfect, with the conditions being
under complete control and not being representative of
real world conditions.
For psychologists and behavioral biologists, for example,
there can never be any guarantee that a human or living
organism will exhibit ‘normal’ behavior under
experimental conditions.
43. Disadvantages
can be too accurate and it is very difficult to obtain a complete
rejection or acceptance of a hypothesis because the standards of
proof required are so difficult to reach.
difficult and expensive to set up. They can also be very impractical.
for some fields, like physics, there are not as many variables so the
design is easy, for social sciences and biological sciences, where
variations are not so clearly defined it is much more difficult to
exclude other factors that may be affecting the manipulated
variable.
44. Thank You for listening,
God Bless.mdcGerman
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