Mujib

2. This is to certify that Mujib ur rahman Of Class XI-b2 has successfully completed
His BIOLOGY project on the topic human EXCRETORY SYSTEM as prescribed by
MR. ABUSHAMA During the academic year 2022-2023 as per the guidelines by
cbse.
Name of examiner: name of teacher:
Signature: Signature:

3. I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude
to my teacher Mr. Abushama, who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this wonderful project of
Biology on “HUMAN EXCRETTORY SYSTEM”,
Who also helped me in completing my project. I
came to know about so many new things I am really
thankful to them. Secondly I would also like to thank
my parents and friends who helped me a lot in
finalizing this project within the limited time frame.

5.  The human excretory system functions to remove waste
from the human body.
 During this process animals get rid of nitrogenous waste
products of metabolism, including ammonia, urea, and
uric acid.
 Although excretory systems are diverse, nearly all produce
urine in a process that involves several steps.
Kidneys
Urethras
Urinary bladder
Urethra

6. 1. Filtration:
 The excretory tubule collects filtrate from the blood.
Water and solutes are forced by blood pressure
across the selectively permeable membranes of a
cluster of capillaries and into the excretory tubule.
2. Reabsorption:
 The transport epithelium reclaims valuable
substances from the filtrate and returns them.
3. Secretion:
 Other substances are extracted from body fluids and
added to the contents of the excretory tube.
4. Excretion:
 The filtrate leaves the system and the body.

7.  This system consists of specialized structures and
capillary networks that assist in the excretory process.
 The human excretory system includes the kidney and
its functional unit, the nephron.
 The excretory activity of the kidney is changed by
specialized hormones that regulate the amount of
absorption within the nephron.
Bladder Kidneys
Urethra
Ureters
Meatus

8.  Located both sides of the spine between
thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.
 Blood enters the kidneys through renal
arteries and leaves through renal veins.
 Tubes called ureters carry waste
products from the kidneys to the urinary
bladder for storage or for release.
During urination, urine is expelled from the urinary
bladder through the urethra.

9. Flow of Urine
Glomerulus
Renal Tubules
Renal Pelvis
Renal Calices
Ureters
Ureter
Renal medulla
Renal capsule
Renal cortex
Renal vein
Renal artery
Nephron

10. Kidneys filter about 1700 liters of blood daily in the average adult.
Parts of the kidneys
• Cortex
-outer protective portion
• Medulla
-inner soft portion
Cortex
Medulla
Hilum
• Hilum
-a depression located in the middle of the
concave side of the kidney where blood
vessels, nerves, and the ureters enter and
exit the kidneys
 The cortex is where the blood is filtered.
 The medulla contains the collecting ducts which carry
filtrate (filtered substances) to the pelvis.
 The pelvis is a hollow cavity where urine accumulates
and drains into the ureter.

11.  The functional units of the kidney are called nephrons.
 Nephrons are located in the renal cortex, except for their
loops of Henle, which descend into the renal medulla.
Nephron

12. Two parts
a. Renal Corpuscle
1. Bowman Capsule
2. Glomerulus
a. Fenestrae - pore in endothelial walls of glomerulus.
b. Podocytes - specialized cells.
c. Filteration slits
b. Renal Tubule - Series of single layer tubules
1. Proximal Convoluted tubule
2. Loop of Henle
3. Distal Convoluted tubule
Kidneys are made up of nephrons. Blood enters the nephron, where
impurities are filtered out and emptied into the collecting duct. The
purified blood leaves the nephron through the renal vein.
Nephron

13. Artery
Vein
Loop of Henle
Bowman’s capsule
Glomerulus
Capillaries
Collecting
duct
To the ureter
Nephron

14.  The glomerulus is a mass of thin-walled capillaries.
 The Bowman’s capsule is a double-walled, cup-shaped
structure.
 The proximal tubule leads from the Bowman’s capsule to
the Loop of Henle.
 The loop of Henle is a long loop which extends into the
medulla.
 The distal tubule connects the loop of Henle to the
collecting duct.
 Each nephron has its own blood
supply:
 An arteriole
 A venule
 A network of capillaries
connecting them
Each nephron releases fluids
to a collecting duct, which
leads to the ureter.

15. Each kidney contains more than 1 million nephrons.
 Blood Flow through the Kidneys
Blood enters through the renal artery
Each arteriole leads to a nephron
Arterioles
Renal corpuscle
The glomerulus filters fluid from the blood, and is the
first place where urine is formed in the kidneys.
Blood flows through the glomerulus at a constant rate.
Each glomerulus is surrounded by a capsule known as
Bowman’s capsule.
Blood then passes into the renal tubules where some
substances are reabsorbed and the remaining become
urine.

16. – As blood enters a nephron through the
arteriole, impurities are filtered out and emptied
into the collecting duct.
– The purified blood exits the nephron through the
venule.
The mechanism of blood purification involves
two distinct processes:
Filtration
Reabsorption
How is blood filtered?

17. • Filtration
– Passing a liquid or gas through a filter to remove wastes
is called filtration.
– The filtration of blood mainly takes place in the
glomerulus.
– The glomerulus is a small network of capillaries encased
in the top of the nephron by a hollow, cup-shaped
structure called Bowman's capsule.
– Fluid from the blood flows into Bowman’s capsule.
– The materials filtered from the blood include
water, urea, glucose, salts, amino acids, and some
vitamins.
– Plasma proteins, cells, and platelets remain in the blood
because they are too large to pass through the capillary
walls.

18. • Reabsorption
– Most of the material removed from the blood at
Bowman's capsule makes its way back into the blood.
– The process in which liquid is taken back into a vessel
is called reabsorption.
– Almost 99% of the water that enters Bowman’s capsule
is reabsorbed into the blood.
– When the filtrate drains in the collecting ducts, most
water and nutrients have been reabsorbed into the
Glomerulus
Afferent arteriole
blood.
Efferent arteriole
Bowman’s
capsule

19.  Remaining material, called urine, is emptied into a
collecting duct.
 Urine is primarily concentrated in the loop of Henle.
 The loop of Henle is a section of the nephron tubule in
which water is conserved and the volume of urine
minimized.
 As the kidney works, purified blood is returned to
circulation while urine is collected in the urinary
bladder.
 Urine is stored here until it is released from the body
through a tube called the urethra.

20. Peristalsis, a rhythmic
contraction of the ureter smooth
muscle which helps to move the
urine into the bladder.
A tube approximately 6 to 7
inches long attached to each
kidney.
Made up of three layers of
tissue
 Smooth muscle
 Fibrous tissue
 Mucous layer
Ureter

21. Urinary Bladder
•Hollow, muscular organ that
stores urine
•Sphincter muscles hold the
urine in place
•Holds 300 to 400 milliliters of
urine before emptying
•Walls contain epithelial tissue
that stretch to allow the bladder
to hold twice its capacity
Urethra
Prostate
gland
Ureter
Urinary bladder
•The trigone is a triangular area
at the base of the bladder where
the ureters enter and the urethra
exits

22. Urethra
Female Urethra Male Urethra
•Approximately 1.5
inches long
•Opens through the
meatus
•Approximately 8 inches long
•Passes through three different
regions:
Prostate gland
Membranous portion
Penis
A tube of smooth muscle with a mucous lining that carries
urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

23.  Tiny pores in the tubing allow
salts and small molecules to
pass through.
 Wastes diffuse out of the
blood into the fluid-filled
chamber, allowing purified
blood to be returned to the
body.
Dialysis
Air
detector
Dialysis
machine
Fresh dialysis
fluid
Compressed air
Vein
Artery
Shunt
Blood pump
Used dialysis fluid
 Blood is removed by a tube and
pumped through special tubing
that acts like nephrons.
Blood in tubing flows
through dialysis fluid