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TATALAKSANA HIPERTENSI
PADA PASIEN STROKE
DEFINISI
Hipertensi adalah bila TDS ≥140
mmHg dan/atau TDD ≥90
mmHg pada pengukuran di
klinik atau fasilitas layanan
kesehatan.1
Hypertension is defined as a
systolic blood pressure (SBP) of
140 mm Hg or more, or a
diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of
90 mm Hg or more, or taking
antihypertensive medication.2
1Kosasih adrianus et al. consensus penatalksanaan hipertensi 2019. perhimpunan dokter hipertensi Indonesia
2Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation,
and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003 Dec. 42(6):1206-52.
DEFINISI
JNC VII 2003. ESH-ESC 2013. NICE 2011
Tekanan darah sistol ≥ 140 mmHg ATAU
Tekanan darah diastol ≥ 90 mmHg
Umur > 18 tahun
Tidak menggunakan obat anti hipertensi
TEKANAN DARAH
Lily S. L. 2016. “Hypertension”. Pathophysiology of heart disease 6th
Pengaturan
tekanan darah
secara ringkas
dapat
dikelompokka
n menjadi 2
yakni jangka
Panjang dan
pendek.
REGULASI TEKANAN DARAH
DEFINISI
ESC/ESH, 2013
KLASIFIKASI ETIOLOGI
PRIMER
(80-95%)
IDIOPATI
K
GENETIK
SEKUNDER
(5-20%)
PENYAKIT DASAR YANG
JELAS
Onset usia muda (< 30 tahun)
Onset usia sangat tua (> 70 tahun)
TD tiba-tiba sangat tinggi (TDS > 180, TDD >110
HT sulit untuk dikendalikan dengan terapi
Kaplan’s Clinical Hypertension, 2006
KLASIFIKASI STADIUM
JNC VII 2003, ASH-ISH 2013 WHO 2003, ESC-ESH, 2013
NICE 2011
Klasifikasi Stadium
CLASSIFICATION
1Chopra HK et al: Recent Guidelines for Hypertension. Circulation Research. 2019;124:984–986 At https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.314789
OTHER TERMINOLOGY
Terminology
Resistant
hypertension:
blood pressure above goal despite adherence to a combination of at least
3 optimally dosed antihypertensive medications with different
mechanisms of action.1
Refractory
hypertension:
blood pressure above goal despite adherence to a combination of at least
5 optimally dosed antihypertensive medications with different
mechanisms of action including spironolactone.1
Hypertensive urgency a subset of hypertensive crises, are characterized by acute, severe
elevations in blood pressure, often greater than 180/110 mm Hg (typically
with systolic blood pressure [SBP] greater than 200 mm Hg and/or
diastolic blood pressure [DBP] greater than 120 mm Hg) but are not
associated with target-organ dysfunction.2
Hypertensive
emergency
a subset of hypertensive crises, are characterized by acute, severe
elevations in blood pressure, often greater than 180/110 mm Hg (typically
with systolic blood pressure [SBP] greater than 200 mm Hg and/or
diastolic blood pressure [DBP] greater than 120 mm Hg) associated with
the presence or impendence of target-organ dysfunction2
1. Scott at al. Hypertension Emergencies. CCSAP
2Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation,
and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003 Dec. 42(6):1206-52.
OTHER TERMINOLOGY
Terminology
White coat
hypertension:
refers to the untreated condition in which BP is elevated in the office, but
is normal when measured by ABPM, HBPM, or both.2
Masked hypertension refers to untreated patients in whom BP is normal in the office but is
elevated when measured by HBPM or ABPM2
Pseudo-resistant
hypertension
Individuals with elevated office BPs due to white-coat hypertension,
improper BP measurement or medication nonadherence do not have true
resistant hypertension but have so-called2
Pre-existing
hypertension
(hipertensi kronik)
Onset dimulai sebelum kehamilan atau sebelum minggu ke-20 kehamilan,
dan biasanya menetap selama lebih dari 6 minggu pasca persalinan dan
dapat disertai proteinuria.1
Hipertensi gestasional Terjadi setelah minggu ke-20 kehamilan dan biasanya membaik dalam 6
minggu pasca persalinan.1
Hipertensi kronik plus
superimposed
Ahipertensi gestasional dengan proteinuria1
1Kosasih adrianus et al. consensus penatalksanaan hipertensi 2019. perhimpunan dokter hipertensi Indonesia
2Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation,
and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003 Dec. 42(6):1206-52.
TERMINOLOGY
Dubenbostel et al. Refractory Hypertension: A novel phenotype of antihypertensive treatment failure. Hypertension.2016 jun;67(6):1085-92
DEFINISI STROKE
Gejala defisit neurologis akut baik fokal atau global yang mendadak
Berkurangnya atau hilangnya aliran darah pada parenkim otak,
retina, atau medulla spinalis
Disebabkan penyumbatan atau pecahnya arteri atau vena (vaskular)
yang dibuktikan dengan imaging dan/atau patologi
KLASIFIKASI (MODIFIKASI
MARSHALL)
Patologi Anatomi dan
Penyebab
•Stroke Iskemik (85%)
•Transient Ischemic
Attack
•Cerebral Thrombosis
•Cerebral Emboli
•Stroke Hemorragik (15%)
•Pendarahan
Intraserebral (ICH)
•Pendarahan
Subarakhnoid (SAH)
Stadium
•Transient Ischemic
Attack
•Stroke-in-evolution
•Completed Stroke
Sistem Pembuluh Darah
•Sistem Karotis
•Sistem Vertebro-basilar
ETIOLOGI DAN PATOGENESIS
STROKE
Etiologi:
 Global: Pendarahan sistemik yang masif, AF berat, syok ireversible karena
henti jantung
 Fokal:
 Hemoragik
 Hipertensi Arterial
 AMV
 Sumbatan lumen pembuluh darah
 Trombus
 Emboli
 Peningkatan viskositas darah
TIA (<24 jam)  RIND (24-48 jam)  Partial + Non-progressive Stroke 
Progressing Stroke (Stroke in evolution)  Completed Stroke
TATALAKSANA HIPERTENSI PADA
PASIEN STROKE BERDASARKAN
GUIDELINE AHA/ASA
STROKE ISKEMIK
PATOGENESIS STROKE ISKEMIK
Indikator Ischemic-
Core
Penumbra Luxury
Perfusion
Morfologi Sangat pucat Pucat Kemerahan
dan Edema
CBF Paling
rendah
Rendah Sangat tinggi
PO2 Rendah Rendah Tinggi
PCO2 Tinggi Tinggi
Asam Laktat Tinggi Meningkat
Neuron Degenerasi Functional
Paralysis
• Therapeutic Window  Reversibilitas
neuron penumbra
• Tx : Resusitasi
• Iskemia berkepanjangan  Apoptosis
3.2. BLOODPRESSURE
MANAGEMEN STROKE
KEDARURATAN MEDIK STROKE AKUT:
TEKANAN DARAH (HIPOTENSI)
Hipotensi arterial berhubungan dengan buruknya keluaran
neurologis, terutama bila TDS < 100mmHg dan TDD <70mmHg 
Harus dicari etiologi dan diatasi
Vasopresor (Fenileprin, dopamin, dan norepinefrin)
Diawali dengan dosis kecil dan dipertahankan pada TDS 140 mmHg
pada kondisi akut stroke
MECHANICAL THROMBECTOMY
IN-HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT OF AIS: GENERAL
SUPPORTIVE CARE
4.4. Blood Pressure
INTRACEREBRAL
HEMORRHAGE
SUBARACHNOID
HEMORRHAGE
RISK FACTORS FOR AND PREVENTION OF ASAH RECOMMENDATIONS
31
Treatment of high blood pressure with antihypertensive medication is recommended
to prevent ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and cardiac, renal, and other
end-organ injury (Class I; Level of Evidence A).
Hypertension should be treated, and such treatment may reduce the risk of aSAH
(Class I; Level of Evidence B).
MEDICAL MEASURES TO PREVENT REBLEEDING AFTER ASAH
32
Between the time of aSAH symptom onset and aneurysm
obliteration, blood pressure should be controlled with a titratable
agent to balance the risk of stroke, hypertension-related
rebleeding, and maintenance of cerebral perfusion pressure
(Class I; Level of Evidence B). (New recommendation)
The magnitude of blood pressure control to reduce the risk of
rebleeding has not been established, but a decrease in systolic
blood pressure to <160 mm Hg is reasonable (Class IIa; Level of
Evidence C). (New recommendation)
Acute hypertension should be controlled after aSAH and until
aneurysm obliteration, but parameters for blood pressure control
have not been defined
MANAGEMEN STROKE
KEDARURATAN MEDIK STROKE AKUT: TEKANAN DARAH
(HIPERTENSI)
73,9% hipertensi dengan 22,5-27,6% memiliki TDS > 180mmHg
Iskemik
 Diturunkan sekitar 15% dlm 24 jam pertama stlh onset apabila TDS > 220 mmHg
atau TDD > 120
 Jika akan diberi rtPA, diturunkan hingga TDS <185 mmHg dan TDD < 110 mmHg
 Setelah pemberian rtPA, harus dipantau hingga TDS < 180 dan TDD < 105 selama
24 jam pertama
 Labetalol, nitroprusid, nikardipin.
Hemorragik Intraserebral
 TDS > 200 atau MAP > 150, diturunkan dengan antihipertensi IV secara kontinu
dengan pemantauan setiap 5 menit
 TDS 150 – 220, dapat diturunkan dengan cepat hingga 140 mmHg
 Setelah kraniotomi, target MAP 100 mmHg
Hemoragik SAH Aneurisma
 Diturunkan hingga TDS 140 – 160 untuk mencegah SAH berulang
 Mencegah risiko vasospamse, target TDS 160-180 (tergantung usi, berat ringan
risiko, komorbiditas)
PILIHAN TERAPI
CHEP 2013
PILIHAN TERAPI
CHEP 2013
PILIHAN TERAPI
CHEP 2013
PILIHAN TERAPI
CHEP 2013
KESIMPULAN PERBANDINGAN TAGET DAN
OBAT INISAL DARI BERBAGAI GUIDELINE
PILIHAN OBAT BERDASARKAN
PENYAKIT
ESC/ESH, 2013
TERIMA KASIH

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TATALAKSANA HIPERTENSI PADA PASIEN STROKE.pptx

  • 2. DEFINISI Hipertensi adalah bila TDS ≥140 mmHg dan/atau TDD ≥90 mmHg pada pengukuran di klinik atau fasilitas layanan kesehatan.1 Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 140 mm Hg or more, or a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 90 mm Hg or more, or taking antihypertensive medication.2 1Kosasih adrianus et al. consensus penatalksanaan hipertensi 2019. perhimpunan dokter hipertensi Indonesia 2Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003 Dec. 42(6):1206-52.
  • 3. DEFINISI JNC VII 2003. ESH-ESC 2013. NICE 2011 Tekanan darah sistol ≥ 140 mmHg ATAU Tekanan darah diastol ≥ 90 mmHg Umur > 18 tahun Tidak menggunakan obat anti hipertensi
  • 4. TEKANAN DARAH Lily S. L. 2016. “Hypertension”. Pathophysiology of heart disease 6th
  • 5. Pengaturan tekanan darah secara ringkas dapat dikelompokka n menjadi 2 yakni jangka Panjang dan pendek. REGULASI TEKANAN DARAH
  • 7. KLASIFIKASI ETIOLOGI PRIMER (80-95%) IDIOPATI K GENETIK SEKUNDER (5-20%) PENYAKIT DASAR YANG JELAS Onset usia muda (< 30 tahun) Onset usia sangat tua (> 70 tahun) TD tiba-tiba sangat tinggi (TDS > 180, TDD >110 HT sulit untuk dikendalikan dengan terapi Kaplan’s Clinical Hypertension, 2006
  • 8. KLASIFIKASI STADIUM JNC VII 2003, ASH-ISH 2013 WHO 2003, ESC-ESH, 2013
  • 10. CLASSIFICATION 1Chopra HK et al: Recent Guidelines for Hypertension. Circulation Research. 2019;124:984–986 At https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.314789
  • 11. OTHER TERMINOLOGY Terminology Resistant hypertension: blood pressure above goal despite adherence to a combination of at least 3 optimally dosed antihypertensive medications with different mechanisms of action.1 Refractory hypertension: blood pressure above goal despite adherence to a combination of at least 5 optimally dosed antihypertensive medications with different mechanisms of action including spironolactone.1 Hypertensive urgency a subset of hypertensive crises, are characterized by acute, severe elevations in blood pressure, often greater than 180/110 mm Hg (typically with systolic blood pressure [SBP] greater than 200 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure [DBP] greater than 120 mm Hg) but are not associated with target-organ dysfunction.2 Hypertensive emergency a subset of hypertensive crises, are characterized by acute, severe elevations in blood pressure, often greater than 180/110 mm Hg (typically with systolic blood pressure [SBP] greater than 200 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure [DBP] greater than 120 mm Hg) associated with the presence or impendence of target-organ dysfunction2 1. Scott at al. Hypertension Emergencies. CCSAP 2Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003 Dec. 42(6):1206-52.
  • 12. OTHER TERMINOLOGY Terminology White coat hypertension: refers to the untreated condition in which BP is elevated in the office, but is normal when measured by ABPM, HBPM, or both.2 Masked hypertension refers to untreated patients in whom BP is normal in the office but is elevated when measured by HBPM or ABPM2 Pseudo-resistant hypertension Individuals with elevated office BPs due to white-coat hypertension, improper BP measurement or medication nonadherence do not have true resistant hypertension but have so-called2 Pre-existing hypertension (hipertensi kronik) Onset dimulai sebelum kehamilan atau sebelum minggu ke-20 kehamilan, dan biasanya menetap selama lebih dari 6 minggu pasca persalinan dan dapat disertai proteinuria.1 Hipertensi gestasional Terjadi setelah minggu ke-20 kehamilan dan biasanya membaik dalam 6 minggu pasca persalinan.1 Hipertensi kronik plus superimposed Ahipertensi gestasional dengan proteinuria1 1Kosasih adrianus et al. consensus penatalksanaan hipertensi 2019. perhimpunan dokter hipertensi Indonesia 2Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003 Dec. 42(6):1206-52.
  • 13. TERMINOLOGY Dubenbostel et al. Refractory Hypertension: A novel phenotype of antihypertensive treatment failure. Hypertension.2016 jun;67(6):1085-92
  • 14. DEFINISI STROKE Gejala defisit neurologis akut baik fokal atau global yang mendadak Berkurangnya atau hilangnya aliran darah pada parenkim otak, retina, atau medulla spinalis Disebabkan penyumbatan atau pecahnya arteri atau vena (vaskular) yang dibuktikan dengan imaging dan/atau patologi
  • 15. KLASIFIKASI (MODIFIKASI MARSHALL) Patologi Anatomi dan Penyebab •Stroke Iskemik (85%) •Transient Ischemic Attack •Cerebral Thrombosis •Cerebral Emboli •Stroke Hemorragik (15%) •Pendarahan Intraserebral (ICH) •Pendarahan Subarakhnoid (SAH) Stadium •Transient Ischemic Attack •Stroke-in-evolution •Completed Stroke Sistem Pembuluh Darah •Sistem Karotis •Sistem Vertebro-basilar
  • 16. ETIOLOGI DAN PATOGENESIS STROKE Etiologi:  Global: Pendarahan sistemik yang masif, AF berat, syok ireversible karena henti jantung  Fokal:  Hemoragik  Hipertensi Arterial  AMV  Sumbatan lumen pembuluh darah  Trombus  Emboli  Peningkatan viskositas darah TIA (<24 jam)  RIND (24-48 jam)  Partial + Non-progressive Stroke  Progressing Stroke (Stroke in evolution)  Completed Stroke
  • 17. TATALAKSANA HIPERTENSI PADA PASIEN STROKE BERDASARKAN GUIDELINE AHA/ASA
  • 19. PATOGENESIS STROKE ISKEMIK Indikator Ischemic- Core Penumbra Luxury Perfusion Morfologi Sangat pucat Pucat Kemerahan dan Edema CBF Paling rendah Rendah Sangat tinggi PO2 Rendah Rendah Tinggi PCO2 Tinggi Tinggi Asam Laktat Tinggi Meningkat Neuron Degenerasi Functional Paralysis • Therapeutic Window  Reversibilitas neuron penumbra • Tx : Resusitasi • Iskemia berkepanjangan  Apoptosis
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24. MANAGEMEN STROKE KEDARURATAN MEDIK STROKE AKUT: TEKANAN DARAH (HIPOTENSI) Hipotensi arterial berhubungan dengan buruknya keluaran neurologis, terutama bila TDS < 100mmHg dan TDD <70mmHg  Harus dicari etiologi dan diatasi Vasopresor (Fenileprin, dopamin, dan norepinefrin) Diawali dengan dosis kecil dan dipertahankan pada TDS 140 mmHg pada kondisi akut stroke
  • 26. IN-HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT OF AIS: GENERAL SUPPORTIVE CARE
  • 29.
  • 31. RISK FACTORS FOR AND PREVENTION OF ASAH RECOMMENDATIONS 31 Treatment of high blood pressure with antihypertensive medication is recommended to prevent ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and cardiac, renal, and other end-organ injury (Class I; Level of Evidence A). Hypertension should be treated, and such treatment may reduce the risk of aSAH (Class I; Level of Evidence B).
  • 32. MEDICAL MEASURES TO PREVENT REBLEEDING AFTER ASAH 32 Between the time of aSAH symptom onset and aneurysm obliteration, blood pressure should be controlled with a titratable agent to balance the risk of stroke, hypertension-related rebleeding, and maintenance of cerebral perfusion pressure (Class I; Level of Evidence B). (New recommendation) The magnitude of blood pressure control to reduce the risk of rebleeding has not been established, but a decrease in systolic blood pressure to <160 mm Hg is reasonable (Class IIa; Level of Evidence C). (New recommendation) Acute hypertension should be controlled after aSAH and until aneurysm obliteration, but parameters for blood pressure control have not been defined
  • 33. MANAGEMEN STROKE KEDARURATAN MEDIK STROKE AKUT: TEKANAN DARAH (HIPERTENSI) 73,9% hipertensi dengan 22,5-27,6% memiliki TDS > 180mmHg Iskemik  Diturunkan sekitar 15% dlm 24 jam pertama stlh onset apabila TDS > 220 mmHg atau TDD > 120  Jika akan diberi rtPA, diturunkan hingga TDS <185 mmHg dan TDD < 110 mmHg  Setelah pemberian rtPA, harus dipantau hingga TDS < 180 dan TDD < 105 selama 24 jam pertama  Labetalol, nitroprusid, nikardipin. Hemorragik Intraserebral  TDS > 200 atau MAP > 150, diturunkan dengan antihipertensi IV secara kontinu dengan pemantauan setiap 5 menit  TDS 150 – 220, dapat diturunkan dengan cepat hingga 140 mmHg  Setelah kraniotomi, target MAP 100 mmHg Hemoragik SAH Aneurisma  Diturunkan hingga TDS 140 – 160 untuk mencegah SAH berulang  Mencegah risiko vasospamse, target TDS 160-180 (tergantung usi, berat ringan risiko, komorbiditas)
  • 38. KESIMPULAN PERBANDINGAN TAGET DAN OBAT INISAL DARI BERBAGAI GUIDELINE

Notas do Editor

  1. 2Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003 Dec. 42(6):1206-52.
  2. Lily S. L. 2016. “Hypertension”. Pathophysiology of heart disease 6th ed.Wolter kluwer
  3. Clinical Overview Hypertension. Clinicalkey Elsevier BV 2019.
  4. Clinical Overview Hypertension. Clinicalkey Elsevier BV 2019.
  5. Hipotensi dan hypovolemia harus dikoreksi untuk mempertahankan tingkat perfusi sistemik Pasien yang memiliki TD tinggi dan dinyatakan memenuhi syarat untuk pengobatan IV alteplase harus menurunkan TD (TD sistolok < 185mmgh dan TD diastolic <110mmhg) sebelum terapi IV fibrinolotik dimulai
  6. Tekanan darah - alteplase IV direkomendasikan pada pasien dengan BP <185/110 mm Hg dan pada pasien yang BP dapat diturunkan dengan aman ke tingkat ini dengan agen antihipertensi, dengan dokter menilai stabilitas BP sebelum memulai IV alteplase.† ( COR I;LOE B-NR)§
  7. Ukur TD dan lakukan penilaian neurologis setiap 15 menit selama dan setelah infus alteplase IV selama 2 jam, kemudian setiap 30 menit selama 6 jam, kemudian setiap jam hingga 24 jam setelah pengobatan alteplase IV. Tingkatkan frekuensi pengukuran TD jika SBP >180 mmHg atau jika DBP >105 mmHg; berikan obat antihipertensi untuk mempertahankan tekanan darah pada atau di bawah level ini (Tabel 5).
  8. Pilihan pengobatan TD: Labetalol: 10-20mg IV selama 1-2 menit, mengulang x1 • Nicardipine: 5mg / jam IV, titrasi 2.5mg / jam setiap 5-15 menit (maks 15 mg / jam) • Clevidipine: 1-2mg / jam IV, dosis ganda setiap 2-5 menittitrasi (maks 21 mg / jam)
  9. Pada pasien yang menjalani trombektomi mekanis, perlu mempertahankan tekanan darah pada <180/105 mmHg selama dan selama 24 jam setelah prosedur Pada pasien yang menjalani trombektomi mekanik dengan sukses reperfusi, mungkin masuk akal untuk mempertahankan tekanan darah pada tingkat <180/105 mmHg.
  10. Hipotensi dan hipovolemia harus dikoreksi untuk mempertahankan tingkat perfusi sistemik yang diperlukan untuk mendukung fungsi organ. Pada pasien dengan AIS, pengobatan dini hipertensi diindikasikan bila diperlukan oleh kondisi komorbiditas (misalnya, kejadian koroner akut bersamaan, gagal jantung akut, diseksi aorta, postfibrinolisis sICH, atau preeklampsia/eklampsia). Pada pasien dengan BP >220/120 mmHg yang tidak menerima alteplase IV atau trombektomi mekanis dan tidak memiliki kondisi komorbiditas yang memerlukan pengobatan antihipertensi mendesak, manfaat memulai atau memulai kembali pengobatan hipertensi dalam 48 hingga 72 jam pertama tidak pasti. Mungkin masuk akal untuk menurunkan BP sebesar 15% selama 24 jam pertama setelah serangan stroke. Pada pasien dengan BP <220/120 mmHg yang tidak menerima alteplase IV atau trombektomi mekanik dan tidak memiliki kondisi komorbiditas yang memerlukan pengobatan antihipertensi mendesak, memulai atau memulai kembali pengobatan hipertensi dalam 48 hingga 72 jam pertama setelah AIS tidak dianjurkan. efektif untuk mencegah kematian atau ketergantungan.
  11. Rekomendasi Faktor Risiko dan Pencegahan SAH Pengobatan tekanan darah tinggi dengan obat antihipertensi direkomendasikan untuk mencegah stroke iskemik, perdarahan intraserebral, dan cedera organ akhir jantung, ginjal, dan lainnya (Kelas I; Tingkat Bukti A). Hipertensi harus diobati, dan pengobatan tersebut dapat mengurangi risiko SAH (Kelas I; Tingkat Bukti B).
  12. Rekomendasi Tindakan Medis untuk Mencegah Pendarahan Ulang Setelah SAH Antara waktu onset gejala SAH dan menghilangkan aneurisma, tekanan darah harus dikontrol dengan agen yang dapat dititrasi untuk menyeimbangkan risiko stroke, perdarahan ulang terkait hipertensi, dan pengendalian tekanan perfusi serebral (Kelas I; Tingkat Bukti B). (Rekomendasi baru) Besarnya kontrol tekanan darah untuk mengurangi risiko perdarahan ulang belum ditetapkan, namun penurunan tekanan darah sistolik hingga <160 mm Hg masuk akal (Kelas IIa; Tingkat Bukti C). (Rekomendasi baru.