An introduction to sentence, phrase and clause

2. Phrase, Clause and
Sentence
Presented
Muhammad Fahad Malik
15091624-067
By

3. Phrase
• Group of related words
(within a sentence) that
lack subject and
predicate(verb).
• Phrase can not express
the complete idea or
thought.
Phrase does not include the
subject and the verb at the
same time and doesn’t make
a complete sense, thus;
phrase can not be a
sentence.

4. • He is standing near a wall.
• The girl with blue eyes is my cousin.
• To become a good lawyer is my aim.
Examples of
Phrase
More than one phrase in a sentence
• I will meet you at 3pm, in front of the
gate in the park.

5. Adverb
Phrase
Infinitive
Phrase
Gerund
Phrase
Participle
Phrase
Noun
Phrase
Adjective
Phrase
Verb
Phrase
Prepositional
Phrase
Types of Phrase

6. Noun Phrase Verb Phrase
Consists of noun & related
words (modifiers). It
functions like a noun in the
sentence
Combination of Main Verb
and its auxiliaries (helping
Verb) in the sentence.
• The girl on the stage
is singing.
• The girl with blue
eyes bought a
beautiful dress.
• She is reading a
book.
• She has been
reading a book for
two hours.

7. Adjective
Phrase
Prepositional
Phrase
Consists of Prep, object
of prep ( Noun or Pro)
and may also have
modifiers.
Group of words function
as adj. Consists of adj,
modifiers and any word
that modifies noun or pro
in the sentence.
• A girl at the corner
of the class is
Aamina.
• She is singing in a
loud voice.
• She is wearing a
beautiful dress.
• The boy in the red
shirt is my brother.

8. Adverb
Phrase
Infinitive
Phrase
Group of words function as
adverb. Consist of adverb
and other words
(preposition verb , noun,
Modifiers).
Consists of infinitive (to+
first form of verb) and
modifiers (words
associated to infinitive).
• She always talks in a
good way.
• She was shouting in a
loud voice.
• She likes to eat
chocolate.
• They made a plan to
through a party.

9. Gerund
Phrase
Participle
Phrase
Consists of Gerund
(verb+ing) and modifiers or
words associated with
gerund. It acts as noun in
sentence.
Consists of prestent
participle (verb+ing) and
Past participle (verb+ed)
and modifiers associated to
it. It is separated by
Comma and acts as adj.
• I like reading
romantic novels.
• She started learning
the lesson.
• The boy, begging
the money, is poor.
• The book, written by
Ali, is very
interesting.

10. Clause
Group of related words (within a sentence
or itself an independent sentence)
containing subject and the predicate (verb)
both. Thus it can express complete
thought or idea.

11. Examples of
Clause
• I will join you at 2pm.
• The students were shouting in the
classroom.
• He invited everyone, but no one was
present there.
• I went to university and he went to
book shop because he needed a book.

12. Types of
Clause
Main Clause
Subordinate
Clause
Adjective
Clause
Adverb
Clause
Noun
Clause

13. Main Clause
Group of words having subject and predicate,
that expresses complete thought or an idea
and can stand as a sentence. It is also called
superordinate clause, independent clause or
base clause.
• I met the boy.
• The teacher asked a question.
• He became angry.
• He is wearing a hat.

14. Subordinate
Clause
Group of words having subject and predicate,
that can not express complete thought or an
idea and can never stand as a sentence. They
always depend upon main Clause, thus; they are
also called dependent clause.
• Whenever it rains, he goes for a
long drive.
• I first met her in Karachi where I
lived as a child.

15. Types of
Subordinate
Clause
Noun
Clause
Dependent clause functions as a
noun. It performs same functions
like a noun in a sentence.
• On weekends, we can do whatever we
want. (functions as object of sentence)
• Those who are poor need our
help.(subject)

16. Adjective
Clause
Adverb
Clause
Dependent clause functions
as adj. It modifies a noun
or the pronoun in the
sentence.
Dependent clause functions
as an adverb that modifies
a verb, adj clause or
another adverb clause in the
sentence.
• The lady who lives
across the street is
my aunt.
• The book that is on
the chair belongs to
me.
• Put the hammer
down because you
might hurt someone.
• You can achieve
anything provided
that you struggle for
it.

17. Sentence
Word or Group of words that can express
a complete idea and that includes a
subject and a predicate. It is the largest
independable unit of grammar which begin
with capital letter and ends with full stop
(.), question mark (?) or exclamation mark
(!).
e.g. He laughed. She ate an apple. She
goes to school. etc.

18. Types of
Sentence
With respect
to Structure
With respect
to Function
1. Simple Sentence
2. Compound Sentence
3. Complex Sentence
4. Complex-Compound
Sentence
1. Affirmative Sentence
2. Negative Sentence
3. Interrogative
sentence
4. Exclamatory sentence
5. Imperative Sentences

19. With Respect to
Structure
Simple
Sentence
Compound
Sentence
Consists of only one in-
dependable clause. Having a
subject and verb which can
express complete thought. No
in-dependable clause
• He laughed.
• He is sleeping.
• I brought a book
• She drank juice.
Consists of at least two in-
dependable clauses joined by
co-ordinating conjunctions
(for,and, but,yet). No
dependable clause.
• I like tea but my brother
likes coffee.
• The teacher asked the
question and the student
answered correctly..

20. Complex
Sentence
Complex-
Compound
Sentence
Consists of one independent
and at least one dependent
clause joined by subordinating
conjuctions (although, since,
when, unless etc)
Consists of at least two
independible and one or more
dependable clauses.
• She is wearing a dress which
looks nice.
• You can not pass the exam
unless you study for it.
• I went to University and he
went to the book shop because
he needed books.
• Although I like books, I do not
like comics but my friend loves
them.

21. With Respect to
Functions
Affirmative
Sentence
Negative
Sentence
The sentences that shows
positivity, validity and the
truth. Positive sentences tell
us what something is, has or
does.
• This cat is black.
• He has a cat.
• The book is lying on the
table.
A negative is defined as a
person or thing that refuses
or denies, or is undesirable,
unwanted or disliked. It
includes ‘not’.
• This cat is not black.
• He does not have a cat.
• The book is not lying on the
table.

22. Exclamatory
Sentence
Interrogative
Sentence
These sentence express
strong emotions and
feelings. It ends with
an exclamatory mark
(!).
An interrogative
sentence is a sentence
that asks a question.
It end with a question
mark (?).
• Oh my God! It’s so
horrible!
• Hurraah! We won the
match!
• What is this?
• Where have you been?

23. Imperative
Sentence
An imperative sentence gives
advice or instructions or
expresses a request or
command. It ends with full stop
or exclamatory mark.
• Don’t text me.
• Open the door.
• Shut up!