This presentation discusses the types, signs, causes, diseases, and treatments of malnutrition. It talks about obesity, being underweight, health problems, anemia, marasmus, kwashiorkor, mid-day meals and WHO response to malnutrition.

1. MALNUTRITION
Mana.S
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2. INDEX
i. Introduction
ii. Overview
iii. Causes of malnutrition
iv. Signs of malnutrition
v. Types of malnutrition
vi. Diseases
vii. Treatment
viii. WHO Response
ix. Summary
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3. Introduction
WHO defines Malnutrition as:
Deficiencies or excesses in nutrient intake,
imbalance of essential nutrients or impaired
nutrient utilization.
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4. OVERVIEW
• Malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in a
person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients. The term malnutrition
addresses 3 broad groups of conditions:
 Undernutrition, which includes wasting (low weight-for-height),
stunting (low height-for-age) and underweight (low weight-for-age);
 Micronutrient-related malnutrition, which includes micronutrient
deficiencies (a lack of important vitamins and minerals) or
micronutrient excess; and
 Overweight, obesity and diet-related noncommunicable diseases (such
as heart disease, stroke, diabetes and some cancers).
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5. CAUSES OF
MALNUTRITION
 Unsuitable Dietary
Choices
 Having A Low Income
 Difficulty Obtaining
Food
 Various Physical And
Mental Health
Conditions
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6. SIGNS OF
MALNUTRITION
• Common signs of
malnutrition(undernutrition) include:
 Unintentional weight loss – losing 5% to 10%
or more of weight over 3 to 6 months is one
of the main signs of malnutrition
 A low body weight – people with a body
mass index (BMI) under 18.5 are at risk of
being malnourished (use the BMI calculator
to work out your BMI)
 A lack of interest in eating and drinking
 Feeling tired all the time
 Feeling weak
 Getting ill often and taking a long time to
recover
 In children, not growing or not putting on
weight at the expected rate
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7. TYPES OF
MALNUTRITION

8. UNDERNUTRITION
• There are 4 broad sub-forms of undernutrition: Wasting, Stunting, Underweight,
And Deficiencies In Vitamins And Minerals. Undernutrition makes children in
particular much more vulnerable to disease and death
• Low weight-for-height is known as wasting. It usually indicates recent and severe
weight loss, because a person has not had enough food to eat and/or they have had
an infectious disease, such as diarrhea, which has caused them to lose weight. A
young child who is moderately or severely wasted has an increased risk of death, but
treatment is possible.
• Low height-for-age is known as stunting. It is the result of chronic or recurrent
undernutrition, usually associated with poor socioeconomic conditions, poor maternal
health and nutrition, frequent illness, and/or inappropriate infant and young child
feeding and care in early life. Stunting holds children back from reaching their
physical and cognitive potential.
• Children with low weight-for-age are known as underweight. A child who is
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9. • Populations more at risk of undernutrition include:
Poor and low income. Whether in a developed country like the U.S. or
in developing countries with fewer resources overall, poorer
communities have less access to adequate nutrition.
Children. Children have greater nutritional needs than adults in order
to grow and develop. Disadvantaged children are especially at risk of
undernutrition and its consequences.
Chronically ill. Many chronic illnesses can directly affect appetite
and/or calorie absorption. Some increase your caloric needs. Spending
time in the hospital is also a risk factor for undernutrition.
Elderly. As adults advance in age, their nutrition can deteriorate for
several reasons, including reduced mobility, institutionalization,
reduced appetite and reduced absorption of nutrients.
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10. OVERNUTRITION
• Overnutrition is another type of malnutrition. It occurs when A person
takes in more nutrients than they need. The result may be an
accumulation of body fat from the excess nutrients, resulting in
overweight or obesity.
• Overnutrition has several health implications. People who have
overweight or obesity are at greater risk of:
Heart disease
High blood pressure
Diabetes
Cancer
High cholesterol
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11. • Populations more at risk of overnutrition include:
Poor and low income. In developed countries, poorer communities
often have easier access to fast foods, which are high in calories but
low in nutritional value, than they have to nutritious whole foods. This
can lead to macronutrient overnutrition with micronutrient
undernutrition.
Sedentary. Desk jobs, family obligations, health and social factors that
keep people sitting all day instead of out and moving about can lead to
significant weight gain.
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12. MICRONUTRIENT-RELATED
MALNUTRITION
Inadequacies in intake of vitamins and minerals often referred
to as micronutrients, can also be grouped together.
Micronutrients enable the body to produce enzymes,
hormones, and other substances that are essential for proper
growth and development.
Iodine, vitamin A, and iron are the most important in global
public health terms; their deficiency represents a major threat
to the health and development of populations worldwide,
particularly children and pregnant women in low-income
countries.
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13. DISEASES
Deficiency of protein and energy during
infancy is one of the most serious problems
throughout the world. It leads to clinical
syndromes such as Kwashiorkor, Marasmus,
and Anemia.
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14. KWASHIORKOR
 Kwashiorkor is a protein deficiency disease, caused due to poor intake of protein or
quality protein over a prolonged period of time.
 Kwashiorkor causes swelling in the body especially in the hands, feet and the face. The
hair and skin show characteristic changes – hair may be light colored or depigmented
to reddish yellow and fall off in patches and the skin show patches and become flaky
and peel off.
MARASMUS
 Marasmus is due to severe of protein and calorie in the diet. It is not due to calorie
deficiency alone because marasmic children subsequently develop kwashiorkor. The
common signs and symptoms include loss of body weight and failure in weight gain,
body fat depletion, muscles are wasted. The marasmic child is characterized with its
thin, lean skinny appearance whereas a kwashiorkor child is flabby with edema or
swelling in the body.
 A sample diet for kwashiorkor and marasmus child should be high calorie and high
protein like milk, rava, porridge, boiled groundnut, dal, and rice.
 The sources are – eggs, guava, soybeans, rice, dal, soybeans
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15. KWASHIORKOR MARASMUS
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16. ANAEMIA
 Nutritional anemia is a serious health problem. It is due to deficiency
of iron in the diet. It is very common for women and girls, menstrual
losses and increased needs in pregnancy are some cause of anemia.
 A well-balanced diet with high protein, iron, Vit C and B Complex is
required. The recommended sources are dry fruit like raisins, currants,
dates, figs, prunes, green leafy veg, drumsticks green mango,
soybeans, rice bran.
 Eggs are considered the best source of iron and protein and can be
taken by those who can afford it.
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17. WHO IS AT
RISK?
 Every country in the world is
affected by one or more forms of
malnutrition. Combating
malnutrition in all its forms is one of
the greatest global health
challenges.
 Women, infants, children, and
adolescents are at particular risk of
malnutrition.
 People who are poor are more likely
to be affected by different forms of

18. TREATMENT
Undernutrition is treated
with nutritional
supplements. This might
mean individual
micronutrients, or it might
mean refeeding with a
custom, high-calorie
nutritional formula
designed to restore
everything your body is
Overnutrition is generally
treated with weight loss, diet
and lifestyle changes. Losing
extra weight can help reduce
your risk of developing
secondary conditions such as
diabetes and heart disease.
Weight loss treatment may
include diet and exercise
plans, medications or medical
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19. MID-DAY MEALS BY GOVERNMENT
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20.  WHO works with Member States and
partners towards the goal of ending all
forms of malnutrition by 2030 as part of the
Sustainable Development Goals. Meeting
this goal is contingent on securing universal
access to effective nutrition interventions
and to healthy diets from sustainable and
resilient food systems.
 To this end, WHO advocates for policies
that promote nutrition on a global scale. This
work is framed by the 2012 World Health
Assembly -Comprehensive implementation
plan on maternal, infant and young child
nutrition. It also contributes to the United
WHO
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21. Summary
Malnutrition is a global problem. In both the developed
world and the developing world, poverty and a lack of
understanding of nutrition are the leading causes. We can
help control the disease of malnutrition with better
worldwide education and support for the disadvantaged,
including access to clean water, nutritious whole foods
and medicine. Children and elders who may not be able
to advocate for themselves are especially at risk and may
need closer attention paid to their diet and health
condition.
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22. Thank you