Tetanus is an infection characterized by a state of generalized hypertonia that manifests in the form of painful muscle spasms of the jaw and neck. The disease most commonly occurs in those who are not vaccinated or in the elderly with waning immunity. Currently, vaccination campaigns have decreased the incidence and prevalence of tetanus worldwide. The spasms from tetanus may last from minutes to weeks, with spasms starting in the face and then descending to the rest of the body. Symptoms are caused by toxins produced by the bacterium, Clostridium tetani.

1. TETANUS
By: samora THIV, Cambodia 

2. CONTENT
1. Cause
2. Symptom
3. Exam and tests
4. Treatment
5. Prevention
6. conclusion

3. CAUSE
• Tetanus is a serious illness caused by bacteria called CLOSTIDIUM TETANI.
• These bacteria have been described as a rod shape and look like a rocket.
Spore of these bacteria are everywhere especially in soil, dust, animal
intestine and animal feces. It most commonly found in hot and damp climate
with soil in organic matter. The spores are enter to our body through
wounds that have been cuts by something dirty such as nail, thorn, pin and
knife.
• Moreover, baby is also face with the tetanus problem caused by the use of
the unsterile scissor when cutting the umbilical cord.
• The tetanus’s bacteria are containing a danger poison called
TETANOSPAMIN. This poison will block our nerve signal and make our
muscle go stiff, chest ,neck, back and abdominal muscles will be affecting .

4. CAUSE

5. SYMPTOM
Fever
Muscle actions are sudden, powerful and painful contraction
Stiff arm and leg
Excessive sweating
Drooling
Irritability
Swallowing difficulty
Spams the breathing muscle.

6. EXAM AND TEST
The doctor will perform you a physical exam and ask question about your
medical history. No specific lab test is available to determine the diagnosis
of tetanus.

7. TREATMENT
 Firstly, use ANTIBIOTIC including: Penicillin, Clindamycin, Erythromycin
or Metronidazole. Beside that we can use some medicines that make the
muscle relax such as diazepam.
 Moreover, we should take the medicine to reverse the poison in order to
strengthen the immune.
 Tetanus patient should be rest in a comfortable place without any
annoy, bright light and too hot or cold place.
 The important thing is when they’re cut by something, clean it carefully
around the wound to kill the bacteria and remove the source of the
poison.

8. PREVENTION
• Tetanus is completely preventable by action tetanus immunization the
we all VACCINE. The routine booster doses of vaccine are every 10 years
after last childhood vaccination recommended.
• We have to injection the vaccine for 5 times in whole life to make sure
that we didn’t have any tetanus problem anymore. For children, we had
to injection when they are 15 years , then after one month, 6 month, 1
year and the following year.
• Furthermore, we should keep the reported vaccine paper that given by
doctor after every vaccination as a document.

9. CONCLUSION
Tetanus will become a serious disease if we don’t have any prevention and
careless about it. Luckily, advanced technology bring us the vaccine which
could successfully prevent from this disease. Therefore, every people
should go to get the tetanus vaccine and avoiding from being a victim and
dead from this harmful disease.

10. REFERENCE
1. Chapeton-Montes, D., Plourde, L., Bouchier, C. et al. The population
structure of Clostridium tetani deduced from its pan-genome. Sci
Rep 9, 11220 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47551-4
2. Bae C, Bourget D. Tetanus. 2020 May 28. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan–. PMID: 29083804.
3. Smietańska K, Rokosz-Chudziak N, Rastawicki W. Charakterystyka
Clostridium tetani i laboratoryjna diagnostyka tezca [Characteristics of
Clostridium tetani and laboratory diagnosis of tetanus]. Med Dosw
Mikrobiol. 2013;65(4):285-95. Polish. PMID: 24730217.

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