The document discusses different types of hydraulic turbines used to convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. It defines hydraulic turbines and provides examples such as the Pelton wheel, Francis, and Kaplan turbines. It then classifies hydraulic turbines based on factors like the energy at the inlet, direction of flow through the runner, head available at the inlet, and specific speed. The key components and working of Pelton wheel, Francis, and Kaplan turbines are explained along with diagrams. Concepts like velocity triangles, work done, efficiencies, and design aspects are covered for Pelton wheel turbines. Draft tubes, their functions and types are also summarized.

1. Presented by:
MOOD NARESH
ASST.PROF
PETW

2. HYDRAULIC TURBINE
Definition:
The machine/device which converts hydraulic
energy into mechanical energy is called as hydraulic
turbine.
Examples:
1) Pelton Wheel Turbine
2) Francis Turbine
3) Kaplan Turbine
1
Prof. V. R. Muttagi

3. Prof. V. R. Muttagi 3
Classification of Hydraulic Turbine
1) According to Energy at Inlet:
a) Impulse Turbine: Kinetic Energy is Maximum than Pressure Energy.
e.g. Pelton Wheel Turbine
b) Reaction Turbine: Pressure Energy is Maximum than Kinetic Energy.
e.g. Francis Turbine and Kaplan Turbine
2) According to Direction of Flow Through Runner:
a) Tangential Flow: Water flows along the tangent of runner.
e.g. Pelton Wheel Turbine
b) Radial Flow: Water flows along the radius through runner.
c) Axial Flow: Water flows along the axis of rotation of runner.
d) Mixes Flow: Water inlet radial direction and exit in axial direction.

4. Prof. V. R. Muttagi 4
Classification of Hydraulic Turbine
3) According to HeadAvailable at Inlet:
a) Low Head: Head < 60 meters
e.g. Kaplan Turbine
b) Medium Head: 60 meters < Head < 250 meters
e.g. Francis Turbine
c) High Head: 250 meters < Head
e.g. Pelton Wheel Turbine
4) According to Specific Speed of Turbine:
a) Low Specific Speed: Specific Speed < 60
e.g. Pelton Wheel Turbine
b) Medium Specific Speed: 60 < Specific Speed < 300
e.g. Francis Turbine
c) High Specific Speed: 300 < Specific Speed
e.g. Kaplan Turbine

5. Hydro-Electric Power Plant
Prof. V. R. Muttagi 5

6. Prof. V. R. Muttagi 6
Hydro-Electric Power Plant
1) Dam:
Awall constructed across the flow of river.
2) Penstock:
Apipe which convey the water from dam to turbine
house.
3) Turbine House:
Assembly of runner, shaft to convert hydro energy into
mechanical energy.
4) Surge Tank:
Astorage tank fitted on penstock before valve to avoid
water hammer.
5) Valve House:
To control the rate of flow of water through penstock.

7. DEFINITIONS OF HEADS
1) GROSS HEAD :Gross head is basically defined as the difference
between the head race level and tail race level when water is not
flowing. Gross head will be indicated by Hg as displayed here in
following figure.
2) NET HEAD
Net head is basically defined as the head available at the inlet of
the turbine. Net head is also simply called as effective head.
Net head, H = Gross head (Hg) – head loss due to friction (hf)

8. Efficiencies of a turbine
There are following important efficiencies that we will
discuss here in this post.
1) Hydraulic efficiency
2) Mechanical Efficiency
3) Volumetric efficiency
4) Overall Efficiency
1) Hydraulic efficiency : Hydraulic efficiency is basically defined as the ratio
of power given by water to the runner of turbine to the power supplied by the
water at the inlet of the turbine. Hydraulic efficiency will be indicated by ηh
Hydraulic efficiency of a turbine could be written as mentioned here
Hydraulic efficiency (ηh) = Power delivered to the runner of turbine / Power
supplied at the inlet of turbine
Hydraulic efficiency (ηh) = R.P/ W.P
R.P = Power delivered to the runner of turbine
W.P = Power supplied at the inlet of turbine or water power

9. 2)Mechanical Efficiency
Mechanical efficiency is basically defined as the ratio of
power available at the shaft of the turbine to the power
delivered to the runner of the turbine. Mechanical
efficiency will be indicated by ηm.
Mechanical efficiency of a turbine could be written as
mentioned here
Mechanical efficiency (ηm) = Power available at the
shaft of the turbine / Power delivered to the runner of
the turbine
Mechanical efficiency (ηm) = S.P/ R.P

10. 3)Volumetric Efficiency
The volume of the water striking the runner of a turbine
will be slightly less than the volume of the water
supplied to the turbine as some amount of water will be
discharged to the tail race without striking the runner of
the turbine
Volumetric efficiency of a turbine could be written as
mentioned here
Volumetric efficiency (ηv) = Volume of the water
actually striking the runner of the turbine / Volume of
water supplied to the turbine

11. 4)Overall Efficiency
Overall efficiency is basically defined as the ratio of the
power available at the shaft of the turbine to the power
supplied by the water at the inlet of the turbine. Overall
efficiency will be indicated by ηo
Overall efficiency, ηo = Power available at the shaft of
the turbine / Power supplied by the water at the inlet of
the turbine
Overall efficiency, ηo = S.P/W.P
Overall efficiency is also defined as the product of
mechanical efficiency and hydraulic efficiency
Overall efficiency = Mechanical efficiency x Hydraulic
efficiency
ηo = ηm x ηh

12. Pelton Wheel Turbine – Main Parts&Construction
Prof. V. R. Muttagi 12
Pelton Turbine is a Tangential flow impulse turbine in which the pressure energy
of water is converted into kinetic energy to form high speed water jet and this jet
strikes the wheel tangentially to make it rotate. It is also called as Pelton Whee

13. Workingof PeltonTrubine
1.The water stored at a high head is made to flow through
the penstock and reaches the nozzle of the Pelton turbine.
2.The nozzle increases the K.E. of the water and directs the
water in the form of a jet.
3.The jet of water from the nozzle strikes the buckets
(vanes) of the runner. This made the runner rotate at a very
high speed.
4.The quantity of water striking the vanes or buckets is
controlled by the spear present inside the nozzle.
5. The generator is attached to the shaft of the runner
which converts the mechanical energy ( i.e. rotational
energy) of the runner into electrical energy.

14. Pelton Wheel Turbine – Main Components
1) Nozzle:
a) It is fixed on end of penstock.
b) Area of nozzle is gradually decreasing.
c)Convert pressure energy of water into kinetic
energy.
2) Spear and Spear RodAssembly:
a) Spear is at opening end of nozzle.
b) Spear connected to spear rod and hand wheel.
c) Regulate the discharge through nozzle according to load on turbine.
3) Runner or Wheel:
a) It is a circular disc keyed with the shaft.
b) To transmits the power to shaft.
Prof. V. R. Muttagi 14

15. Pelton Wheel Turbine – Main Components
4) Buckets:
a) Hemispherical in shape.
b) Fixed on the circumference of the runner or wheel.
Where,
d = Diameter of jet
L = Length or height of bowl = 2d to 3d
B = Width of bucket = 3d to 4d
T = Depth of bucket = 0.27B to 0.32B
M = Notch width = 1.1d to 1.2d
Prof. V. R. Muttagi 15

16. Pelton Wheel Turbine – Main Components
5) Breaking Jet:
a) Applied in opposite direction to rotation of wheel.
b)Resistance to rotation of wheel due to inertia forces
while to stop wheel.
6) Deflector:
a) Fixed below the nozzle.
b) Deflects the direction of jet while to stop wheel.
c) No hydraulic function.
7) Casing:
a) Avoid splashing of water over runner.
b) No hydraulic function.
Prof. V. R. Muttagi 16

17. Pelton Wheel Turbine – Work Done & Efficiency
Velocity Triangle
1) Low Speed Turbine
Inlet Velocity Triangle
Outlet Velocity Triangle
Prof. V. R. Muttagi 17

18. Pelton Wheel Turbine – Work Done & Efficiency
Velocity Triangle
2) Medium Speed Turbine
Inlet Velocity Triangle
Outlet Velocity Triangle
Prof. V. R. Muttagi 18

19. Pelton Wheel Turbine – Work Done & Efficiency
Velocity Triangle
3) High Speed Turbine
Inlet Velocity Triangle
Outlet Velocity Triangle
Prof. V. R. Muttagi 19

20. Pelton Wheel Turbine – Work Done & Efficiency
1) Velocity of Jet at Inlet
2) Uniform Velocity of Bucket
Prof. V. R. Muttagi 20

21. Pelton Wheel Turbine – Work Done & Efficiency
3) Mass Flow Rate of Water
4) Force Exerted by Jet on Bucket
From inlet velocity triangle, initial velocity of jet is,
From outlet velocity triangle, final velocity of jet is,
Prof. V. R. Muttagi 21

22. Pelton Wheel Turbine – Work Done & Efficiency
Hence, force exerted by jet on bucket for all speed runner is,
5) Work Done by Jet on Runner per Second
6) Power Developed
Prof. V. R. Muttagi 22

23. Pelton Wheel Turbine – Work Done & Efficiency
7) Hydraulic Efficiency
8) Mechanical Efficiency
Prof. V. R. Muttagi 23

24. Pelton Wheel Turbine – Work Done & Efficiency
9) Overall Efficiency
10) Specific Speed
Prof. V. R. Muttagi 24

25. Pelton Wheel Turbine – Design Aspects
1) Speed Ratio
2) Friction Factor
3) Jet Ratio
Prof. V. R. Muttagi 25

26. Pelton Wheel Turbine – Design Aspects
4) Number of Buckets
5)Angle of Deflection
The angle of deflection of jet through the bucket varies between 160°
to 170°. Take as 165°.
Prof. V. R. Muttagi 26

27. Francis Turbine – main parts& Construction
Prof. V. R. Muttagi 27
Working:
1.This is the most efficient hydraulic turbine.
2.Large Francis turbine is individually designed
for the site to operate at the highest possible
efficiency, typically over 90%.
3.Francis type units cover a wide head range,
from 20 to 700 M and their output varies from a
few kilowatts 200 megawatt.
4.In addition to electrical products and they may
also be used for pumped storage; Where is
Reservoir is filled by the turbine (acting as
a pump) during low power demand, and then
reversed and used to generate power during
peak demand.
5.Francis turbine may be designed for a wide
range of heads and flows. This, along with their
high efficiency, has made them the most widely
used turbine in the world

28. The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine. It is an inward-
flow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial flow concepts.
Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today, and
can achieve over 95% efficiency

29. Francis Turbine – Main Components
1) Scroll Casing
a) It is surrounding to the runner, guide
vanes and moving vanes.
b) It is always full with water.
c) Shape is spiral.
d) Reducing area is to maintain velocity of
water at constant.
2) Runner
a) It is rotary part of turbine keyed with
shaft.
b) Vanes are fixed on inlet ring and outlet
ring.
c) Water enters radially and exit axially.
Prof. V. R. Muttagi 29

30. Francis Turbine – Main Components
3) Guide Vanes
a) It is surrounding to the moving vanes.
b) Guide vanes are fixed vanes.
c) Shape is like aerofoil.
d) Guide the water from casing to runner.
4) Moving Vane
a) It is surrounding to the runner.
b) Shape is aerofoil.
c) One end is pivoted on fixed ring and
another end is pivoted on moving ring.
d) Regulating the discharge of water from
casing to runner as per desired load.
Prof. V. R. Muttagi 30

31. Francis Turbine – Main Components
5) Draft Tube
a) It is fixed at exit of turbine to tail race.
b) Convert kinetic energy of water to pressure energy.
c) Increase head on turbine.
d) Improve efficiency and reduces cavitations.
Prof. V. R. Muttagi 31

32. Francis Turbine – Work Done & Efficiency
Velocity Triangle
Prof. V. R. Muttagi 32

33. Francis Turbine – Work Done & Efficiency
1) Uniform Velocity of Inlet and Outlet Tip
2) Work Done
Work done per second per unit weight of water
Prof. V. R. Muttagi 33

34. Francis Turbine – Work Done & Efficiency
3) Discharge of Turbine
Prof. V. R. Muttagi 34

35. Francis Turbine – Work Done & Efficiency
4) Hydraulic Efficiency
5) Mechanical Efficiency
Prof. V. R. Muttagi 35

36. Francis Turbine – Work Done & Efficiency
6) Overall Efficiency
7) Speed Ratio
8) Flow Ratio
9) Ratio of Width to Diameter
Prof. V. R. Muttagi 36

37. Kaplan Turbine – Construction
Prof. V. R. Muttagi 37

38. Kaplan Turbine – Working
1) Propeller type turbine.
2) Scroll casing is surrounding to the runner, guide blades and
moving blades to maintain kinetic energy at constant.
3) Fixed guide vanes are surrounding to the runner.
4) Hub or boss of runner is keyed with the shaft of turbine.
5)The movable blades are fixed on
the circumference of hub which
may change an angle according to
load on turbine.As shown in figure.
Prof. V. R. Muttagi 38

39. A Kaplan turbine is a type of
propeller hydro turbine (specifically
a reaction turbine) used
in hydroelectric plants. Water flows
both in and out of Kaplan turbines
along its rotational axis (axial flow).
What makes Kaplan turbines special is
the blades can change their angle on
demand to maintain
maximum efficiency for different flow
rates of water.[2] Water flowing
through a Kaplan turbine loses
pressure, this means that a Kaplan
turbine is a reaction turbine (similar to
a Francis turbine)

40. Prof. V. R. Muttagi 40
Draft Tube – Definition, Function and Types
Adraft tube is a pipe of gradually increasing area which connects the
exit of runner of a turbine to tail race.
It discharges the water from runner to tail race.
Functions of Draft Tube
1) It increases the net head available on turbine.
2) To convert the kinetic energy of water at exit of runner into pressure
energy so that useful head at runner exit is increased.
3) It reduces the cavitations in reaction turbine.
Types of Draft Tube
1) Conical Draft Tube
2) Simple Elbow Draft Tube
3) Elbow Draft Tube with Circular Inlet and Rectangular Outlet
4) Moody’s Spreading Draft Tube

41. Draft Tube – Types
1) Conical Draft Tube
1) It has circular inlet and circular outlet.
2) It is a simple taper tube.
3) The taper angle varies from 4° to 7°.
4) It is fabricated by mild steel plates.
5) It has an efficiency up to 90%.
6) It is employed for vertical shaft reaction
turbines.
Prof. V. R. Muttagi 41

42. Draft Tube – Types
2) Simple Elbow Draft Tube
1) It has circular cross-section throughout
from inlet to outlet.
2) It is a simple tube with uniform section
turned into 90°.
3) It reduces depth and cost of excavation.
4) It is made of concrete with steel lining
at inlet to reduce cavitation.
5) It is having an efficiency up to 60%.
Prof. V. R. Muttagi 42

43. Draft Tube – Types
2) Elbow Draft Tube with Circular Inlet and Rectangular Outlet
1) It has circular inlet and rectangular outlet.
2) It reduces depth and cost of excavation.
3) It is made of concrete with steel lining at inlet to reduce cavitation.
4) It is having an efficiency up to 60% to 80%.
Prof. V. R. Muttagi 43

44. Draft Tube – Types
2) Moody’s Spreading Draft Tube
1) It is similar to conical draft tube.
2) Asolid central core at centre to reduce the whirling.
3) It is used for vertical shaft turbine.
4) It is having an efficiency up to 85%.
Prof. V. R. Muttagi 44