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Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis 1
The Blood Circuit
‫الدم‬ ‫دائرة‬
The blood (extracorporeal) circuit (Fig. 13.9) monitors pressures in the arterial and
venous blood lines, and the integrity of the circuit for the presence of air and blood
leaks.
‫(الشكل‬ )‫الجسم‬ ‫(خارج‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫دائرة‬ ‫تراقب‬
13.9
‫الدائرة‬ ‫وسالمة‬ ، ‫والوريدي‬ ‫الشرياني‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫خطوط‬ ‫في‬ ‫الضغط‬ )
‫هواء‬ ‫لوجود‬
.‫الدم‬ ‫وتسرب‬
The four main blood circuit monitors (Fig. 13.10) are
the arterial pressure monitor,
venous pressure monitor,
air-foam detector,
and blood-leak detector.
‫(الشكل‬ ‫الرئيسية‬ ‫األربعة‬ ‫الدموية‬ ‫الدورة‬ ‫مراقبة‬ ‫أجهزة‬
13.10
‫جهاز‬ ، ‫الشرياني‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫مراقبة‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫هي‬ )
.‫الدم‬ ‫تسرب‬ ‫وكاشف‬ ، ‫الهوائية‬ ‫الرغوة‬ ‫كاشف‬ ، ‫الوريدي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫قياس‬
The blood-leak detector acts as a blood-circuit alarm but is entirely incorporated
within the dialysate circuit and has already been desc ribed. The machinery
responds to blood-circuit alarms by activating an audible alarm, a visual alarm,
stopping the blood pump, and engaging the venous line clamp to stop the blood
flow through theblood circuit.
‫وصفه‬ ‫تم‬ ‫وقد‬ ‫الديالة‬ ‫دائرة‬ ‫في‬ ‫بالكامل‬ ‫مدمج‬ ‫ولكنه‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫لدائرة‬ ‫إنذار‬ ‫كجهاز‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫تسرب‬ ‫كاشف‬ ‫يعمل‬
‫وإيقاف‬ ، ‫مرئي‬ ‫وإنذار‬ ، ‫مسموع‬ ‫إنذار‬ ‫تنشيط‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫الدموية‬ ‫الدائرة‬ ‫إلنذارات‬ ‫اآللة‬ ‫تستجيب‬ .‫بالفعل‬
‫مشب‬ ‫وإشراك‬ ، ‫الدم‬ ‫مضخة‬
.‫الدموية‬ ‫الدورة‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫تدفق‬ ‫إليقاف‬ ‫الوريدي‬ ‫الخط‬ ‫ك‬
Additional areas to monitor in the blood circuit are blood flow rate, heparin
therapy, and normal saline supply.
، ‫الهيبارين‬ ‫وعالج‬ ، ‫الدم‬ ‫تدفق‬ ‫معدل‬ ‫هي‬ ‫الدموية‬ ‫الدورة‬ ‫في‬ ‫مراقبتها‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫التي‬ ‫اإلضافية‬ ‫المجاالت‬
‫وإمداد‬
.‫الطبيعي‬ ‫الملحي‬ ‫المحلول‬
Arterial Pressure Monitor—Pre-Blood Pump
‫الدم‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫مراقبة‬ ‫جهاز‬
-
‫الدم‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫ما‬ ‫مضخة‬
The arterial pressure monitor measures the pressure in the arterial blood line between
the patient’s arterial access and the blood. With the blood pump set to blood flow
rates greater than 200 mL/min to as high as 450 mL/min, the pressure in this blood
tubing segment is commonly subatmospheric to negative. This portion of the blood
circuit can be a source of air entry into the blood circuit and is considered a high-
risk area.
‫ضبط‬ ‫مع‬ .‫والدم‬ ‫الشرايين‬ ‫وصول‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الشرياني‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫خط‬ ‫في‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫الشرياني‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫مراقبة‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫يقيس‬
‫من‬ ‫أكبر‬ ‫دم‬ ‫تدفق‬ ‫معدالت‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫مضخة‬
200
‫إلى‬ ‫دقيقة‬ / ‫مل‬
450
‫هذا‬ ‫في‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫يكون‬ ، ‫دقيقة‬ / ‫مل‬
‫الج‬ ‫الغالف‬ ‫تحت‬ ً‫ة‬‫عاد‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫أنابيب‬ ‫من‬ ‫الجزء‬
‫الدموية‬ ‫الدورة‬ ‫من‬ ‫الجزء‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يمكن‬ .‫سلبي‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫وي‬
.‫الخطورة‬ ‫عالية‬ ‫منطقة‬ ‫ويعتبر‬ ‫الدموية‬ ‫الدورة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الهواء‬ ‫لدخول‬ ‫ا‬ً‫مصدر‬
2 Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis
Figure 13.9
Figure 13.10
Saline
Arterial
Pressure
Blood Heparin
Venous
pressure
Ultrasonic
pump
ml/min
350
pump air detector
Venous line
clamp
From Patient To Patient
Blood (Extracorporeal) Circuit. (From Pittard J: Hemodialysis Nursing, Training
Manual, 7th ed., version 7.0. Santa Monica, CA, 2003, with permission.)
NORMAL WARNING ALARM
POWER
RESET
MUTE
Blood Circuit Monitors. (From Pittard J: Hemodialysis Nursing, Training
Manual, 7th ed., version 7.0. Santa Monica, CA, 2003, with permission.)
The arterial pressure monitor is leak-free with adjustable high/low limits (Fig.
13.11), which reads negative and positive pressures in millimeters of mercury
(mm Hg; 10% accuracy). This monitor requires a filter to prevent viruses, bacteria,
or blood from being refluxed back into the arterial pressure monitor. This filter is
essential, as viral hepatitis has been transmitted by contamination of air devices.
‫(الشكل‬ ‫للتعديل‬ ‫قابلة‬ ‫منخفضة‬ / ‫عالية‬ ‫حدود‬ ‫مع‬ ‫التسرب‬ ‫من‬ ‫خالي‬ ‫الشرياني‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫مراقبة‬ ‫جهاز‬
13.11
‫دقة‬ ‫؛‬ ‫زئبق‬ ‫(مم‬ ‫الزئبق‬ ‫من‬ ‫بالمليمترات‬ ‫واإليجابية‬ ‫السلبية‬ ‫الضغوط‬ ‫تقرأ‬ ‫والتي‬ ، )
10
٪
.)
‫جهاز‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫أخرى‬ ‫مرة‬ ‫االرتجاع‬ ‫من‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫أو‬ ‫البكتيريا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الفيروسات‬ ‫لمنع‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ح‬‫مرش‬ ‫الشاشة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫تتطلب‬
‫طريق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫الفيروسي‬ ‫الكبد‬ ‫التهاب‬ ‫ينتقل‬ ‫حيث‬ ، ‫ًا‬‫ي‬‫ضرور‬ ‫المرشح‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يعد‬ .‫الشرايين‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫مراقبة‬
.‫الهواء‬ ‫أجهزة‬ ‫تلوث‬
AIR BLOOD ARTERIAL VENOUS
DETECTOR LEAK PRESSURE PRESSURE
MINOR
290
200
100
0
PRIME OVERRIDE
–100
–200
–300
500
400
300
200
100
0
–50
Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis 3
ARTERIAL
PRESSURE
ARTERIAL
PRESSURE
290
200
100
0
–100
–200
–300
WITHIN LIMITS
290
200
100
0
–100
–200
–300
LOW LIMIT ALARM
Excess negative pressure
violated low limit
Arterial Pressure. (From Pittard J: Hemodialysis Nursing, Training Manual,
7th ed., version 7.0. Santa Monica, CA, 2003, with permission.)
These filters or fluid barriers are called isolators and/or transducer filters/
protectors. They protect the monitor from blood contamination and the spread of
infection between patients. The pressure monitor lines must be unclamped and patent
during dialysis. Some blood lines have collapsible pillow-shaped segments, which
can initiate a false alarm.
‫تسمى‬
‫السوائل‬ ‫حواجز‬ ‫أو‬ ‫المرشحات‬ ‫هذه‬
‫تحمي‬ ‫أنها‬ .‫الطاقة‬ ‫محول‬ ‫واقيات‬ / ‫مرشحات‬ ‫أو‬ / ‫و‬ ‫عوازل‬
‫م‬ ‫غير‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫مراقبة‬ ‫خطوط‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يجب‬ .‫المرضى‬ ‫بين‬ ‫العدوى‬ ‫وانتشار‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫تلوث‬ ‫من‬ ‫الشاشة‬
‫وأن‬ ‫حكمة‬
‫تكون‬
‫ظاهرة‬
‫والتي‬ ، ‫وسادة‬ ‫شكل‬ ‫على‬ ‫للطي‬ ‫قابلة‬ ‫أجزاء‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫خطوط‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫تحتوي‬ .‫الكلى‬ ‫غسيل‬ ‫أثناء‬
.‫ًا‬‫ب‬‫كاذ‬ ‫ا‬ً‫إنذار‬ ‫تطلق‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يمكن‬
During set-up, priming, and rinsing of the dialyzer, the high-low limits are
opened. As soon as the dialysis treatment is initiated, the dialysis personnel must set
the low, or negative, pressure limit just below the reading at the desired blood flow.
Upper and lower monitor limits should be set within 50–100 mm Hg of actual
reading to detect problems. Newer machine models will automatically adjust the
high/low limits approximately 50 mm Hg above and below the actual pressure.
‫عالج‬ ‫بدء‬ ‫بمجرد‬ .‫والمنخفضة‬ ‫العالية‬ ‫الحدود‬ ‫فتح‬ ‫يتم‬ ، ‫الغسيل‬ ‫لجهاز‬ ‫والشطف‬ ‫والتجهيز‬ ‫اإلعداد‬ ‫أثناء‬
‫أو‬ ‫منخفض‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫حد‬ ‫تعيين‬ ‫الكلى‬ ‫غسيل‬ ‫موظفي‬ ‫على‬ ‫يجب‬ ، ‫الكلى‬ ‫غسيل‬
‫عند‬ ‫القراءة‬ ‫من‬ ‫بقليل‬ ‫أقل‬ ‫سلبي‬
‫حدود‬ ‫في‬ ‫والسفلية‬ ‫العلوية‬ ‫الشاشة‬ ‫حدود‬ ‫تعيين‬ ‫يجب‬ .‫المطلوب‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫تدفق‬
50
-
100
‫الفعلية‬ ‫القراءة‬ ‫من‬ ‫زئبق‬ ‫مم‬
‫بحوالي‬ ‫ًا‬‫ي‬‫تلقائ‬ ‫المنخفضة‬ / ‫العالية‬ ‫الحدود‬ ‫ضبط‬ ‫على‬ ‫األحدث‬ ‫الماكينات‬ ‫طرز‬ ‫تعمل‬ .‫المشكالت‬ ‫الكتشاف‬
50
‫ا‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫من‬ ‫وأدنى‬ ‫أعلى‬ ‫زئبق‬ ‫مم‬
.‫لفعلي‬
Setting the low arterial limit close to the actual pressure, about 50 mm Hg below
that pressure, will detect early drops in blood pressure with arteriovenous (AV)
fistulas. Some units limit the minimum arterial limit to –100 mm Hg.
‫الش‬ ‫الحد‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫إن‬
‫حوالي‬ ، ‫الفعلي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫من‬ ‫بالقرب‬ ‫المنخفض‬ ‫رياني‬
50
، ‫الضغط‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫من‬ ‫أقل‬ ‫زئبق‬ ‫مم‬
( ‫الوريدية‬ ‫الشريانية‬ ‫النواسير‬ ‫مع‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫في‬ ‫مبكرة‬ ‫انخفاضات‬ ‫عن‬ ‫سيكشف‬
AV
‫الوحدات‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫تحدد‬ .)
‫عند‬ ‫للشريان‬ ‫األدنى‬ ‫الحد‬
-
100
.‫زئبق‬ ‫ملم‬
The greater the vacuum, the greater the risk of air entering this tubing segment
from any crack, improperly glued or fitted joint, sample port, saline infusion line,
or the patient’s access. It is advisable to set the high limit just below zero, which
will pick up a disruption of the arterial blood line from the fistula needle.
Figure 13.11
4 Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis
‫أو‬ ‫لصقها‬ ‫تم‬ ‫مفصل‬ ‫أو‬ ، ‫صدع‬ ‫أي‬ ‫من‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫األنابيب‬ ‫جزء‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الهواء‬ ‫دخول‬ ‫خطر‬ ‫زاد‬ ، ‫الفراغ‬ ‫زاد‬ ‫كلما‬
‫نصح‬‫ي‬ .‫المريض‬ ‫وصول‬ ‫أو‬ ، ‫الملحي‬ ‫المحلول‬ ‫ضخ‬ ‫خط‬ ‫أو‬ ، ‫العينة‬ ‫منفذ‬ ‫أو‬ ، ‫صحيح‬ ‫غير‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫تركيبها‬
‫إل‬ ‫سيؤدي‬ ‫والذي‬ ، ‫الصفر‬ ‫من‬ ‫بقليل‬ ‫أقل‬ ‫مرتفع‬ ‫حد‬ ‫بتعيين‬
‫إبرة‬ ‫من‬ ‫الشرياني‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫خط‬ ‫في‬ ‫خلل‬ ‫حدوث‬ ‫ى‬
.‫الناسور‬
Arterial Pressure Monitoring
‫الشرايين‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫مراقبة‬
The usual causes of a low-limit arterial pressure alarm are
 a drop in blood pressure (only with AV fistulas),
 a kink in the arterial blood line between the access and blood pump,
 malpositioned arterial needle or problem with arterial access,
 and a clotted arterial line.
The circuit should always be checked for air bubbles.
‫مع‬ ‫(فقط‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫انخفاض‬ ‫هي‬ ‫الحد‬ ‫منخفض‬ ‫الشرياني‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫إنذار‬ ‫لجهاز‬ ‫المعتادة‬ ‫األسباب‬
‫الناسور‬
‫الوضع‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫الشرايين‬ ‫وإبرة‬ ، ‫الدم‬ ‫ومضخة‬ ‫الوصول‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الشرياني‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫خط‬ ‫في‬ ‫والتواء‬ ، )‫الوريدي‬ ‫الشرياني‬
‫فقاعات‬ ‫عن‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ث‬‫بح‬ ‫الدائرة‬ ‫فحص‬ ‫ا‬ً‫م‬‫دائ‬ ‫يجب‬ .‫الشرايين‬ ‫خط‬ .‫والتخثر‬ ، ‫الشرياني‬ ‫الوصول‬ ‫في‬ ‫مشكلة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الخاطئ‬
.‫الهواء‬
The usual causes of a high-limit arterial pressure alarm are
 blood line separation (only if the upper limit is set below 0 mm Hg),
 the saline infusion line is unclamped,
 an increase in patient’s blood pressure,
 a leak in the circuit between the patient and monitor,
 and torn blood tubing in the pump segment. It is important to check for
leaking blood.
‫فصل‬ ‫هي‬ ‫الحد‬ ‫عالي‬ ‫الشرياني‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫إلنذار‬ ‫المعتادة‬ ‫األسباب‬
‫خط‬
‫من‬ ‫أقل‬ ‫األعلى‬ ‫الحد‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫(فقط‬ ‫الدم‬
0
‫بين‬ ‫الدائرة‬ ‫في‬ ‫وتسرب‬ ، ‫المريض‬ ‫دم‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫في‬ ‫وزيادة‬ ، ‫محكم‬ ‫غير‬ ‫الملحي‬ ‫التسريب‬ ‫وخط‬ ، )‫زئبق‬ ‫مم‬
‫ومراقبة‬ ‫المريض‬
‫وتمزق‬
.‫الدم‬ ‫تسرب‬ ‫من‬ ‫التحقق‬ ‫المهم‬ ‫من‬ .‫المضخة‬ ‫جزء‬ ‫في‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫أنابيب‬
Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis 5
The appropriate response to pressure alarms is to
 , first, mute the audible alarm;
 second, investigate the problem;
 third, correct the problem;
 and fourth, restart the blood pump by pressing the reset/restart button.
Do not restart the blood pump until the problem is corrected for patient
safety. Failure to correct the problem will causethe alarm to reoccur.
‫؛‬ ‫المشكلة‬ ‫من‬ ‫تحقق‬ ، ‫ًا‬‫ي‬‫ثان‬ ‫؛‬ ‫المسموع‬ ‫اإلنذار‬ ‫صوت‬ ‫كتم‬ ، ً‫ال‬‫أو‬ ، ‫هي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫إلنذارات‬ ‫المناسبة‬ ‫االستجابة‬
/ ‫الضبط‬ ‫إعادة‬ ‫زر‬ ‫على‬ ‫بالضغط‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫مضخة‬ ‫تشغيل‬ ‫أعد‬ ، ‫ا‬ً‫ع‬‫وراب‬ ‫؛‬ ‫المشكلة‬ ‫تصحيح‬ ، ‫ا‬ً‫ث‬‫ثال‬
‫ال‬ .‫التشغيل‬ ‫إعادة‬
‫تصحيح‬ ‫عدم‬ ‫سيؤدي‬ .‫المريض‬ ‫سالمة‬ ‫أجل‬ ‫من‬ ‫المشكلة‬ ‫تصحيح‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫مضخة‬ ‫تشغيل‬ ‫بإعادة‬ ‫تقم‬
.‫اإلنذار‬ ‫تكرار‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫المشكلة‬
Venous Pressure Monitor
‫الوريدي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫مراقبة‬ ‫جهاز‬
The venous pressure monitor, located post dialyzer, monitors pressure at the venous
drip chamber, the segment between the drip chamber and the patient’s venous access,
and the added intra-access pressure. The resistance to the blood flow entering the
venous access causes the pressure to be positive (Fig. 13.12), above 0 mm Hg.
‫بعد‬ ‫الموجود‬ ، ‫الوريدي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫مراقبة‬ ‫جهاز‬
‫فلتر‬
‫الكلى‬ ‫غسيل‬ ‫جهاز‬
‫في‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫يراقب‬ ،
‫التنقيط‬ ‫حجرة‬
‫الوريدي‬
.‫اإلضافي‬ ‫الداخلي‬ ‫والضغط‬ ، ‫الوريدي‬ ‫المريض‬ ‫ووصول‬ ‫التنقيط‬ ‫حجرة‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الموجود‬ ‫والجزء‬ ،
‫(الشكل‬ ‫ًا‬‫ب‬‫موج‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫يؤدي‬ ‫الوريد‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الداخل‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫تدفق‬ ‫مقاومة‬
13.12
‫فوق‬ ، )
0
.‫زئبق‬ ‫مم‬
The venous pressure monitor’s structure and standards are similar to those
described for the arterial pre-blood pump monitor. This pressure monitor requires
protection by a filter or transducer fluid barrier.
.‫الشرياني‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫مضخة‬ ‫مراقبة‬ ‫لجهاز‬ ‫الموصوفة‬ ‫لتلك‬ ‫مماثلة‬ ‫الوريدي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫مراقبة‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫ومعايير‬ ‫هيكل‬
‫الحم‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫مراقبة‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫يتطلب‬
.‫الطاقة‬ ‫محول‬ ‫سائل‬ ‫حاجز‬ ‫أو‬ ‫مرشح‬ ‫بواسطة‬ ‫اية‬
Venous Pressure Monitoring
‫الوريدي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫مراقبة‬
Causes of a high venous pressure alarm are
 a kink in the venous blood line between the drip chamber and patient’s
venous access,
 a clot in the venous drip chamber and/or downstream to the patient,
 and a malpositioned venous needle or problem with the venous access
device.
‫هي‬ ‫الوريدي‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫ارتفاع‬ ‫أسباب‬
‫التواء‬
‫الوريدي‬ ‫والمدخل‬ ‫التنقيط‬ ‫غرفة‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الوريدي‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫خط‬ ‫في‬
‫المصب‬ ‫أو‬ / ‫و‬ ‫الوريدي‬ ‫التنقيط‬ ‫حجرة‬ ‫في‬ ‫وجلطة‬ ، ‫للمريض‬
‫مشكلة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫خاطئة‬ ‫وريدية‬ ‫وإبرة‬ ، ‫المريض‬ ‫إلى‬
.‫جهاز‬ ‫الوريدي‬ ‫الوصول‬ ‫في‬
Causes of a low venous pressure alarm are
 blood line separation or disruption of connections between the blood pump
to and including the venous access;
 a kink in the blood line post dialyzer and pre–venous drip chamber;
 a clotted dialyzer;
 and a lowering of the blood-pump speed.
Note that setting the low limit close to the operating pressure of the
venous drip chamber can alert to a disruption of the blood circuit between the
blood pump and venous access site. With a disruption of the circuit, the venous
6 Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis
pressure will drop to 0 mm Hg.
‫ذلك‬ ‫في‬ ‫بما‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫مضخة‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الوصالت‬ ‫انقطاع‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫خط‬ ‫فصل‬ ‫هي‬ ‫الوريدي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫انخفاض‬ ‫أسباب‬
‫التنقي‬ ‫وغرفة‬ ‫الدموي‬ ‫الديال‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫ما‬ ‫تحليل‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫في‬ ‫التواء‬ ‫؛‬ ‫الوريدي‬ ‫الوصول‬
‫جهاز‬ ‫؛‬ ‫المسبق‬ ‫الوريدي‬ ‫ط‬
‫التنقيط‬ ‫لحجرة‬ ‫التشغيل‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫من‬ ‫بالقرب‬ ‫األدنى‬ ‫الحد‬ ‫تعيين‬ ‫أن‬ ‫الحظ‬ .‫الدم‬ ‫ضخ‬ ‫سرعة‬ ‫وخفض‬ ‫متخثر‬ ‫غسيل‬
‫مع‬ .‫الوريدي‬ ‫الوصول‬ ‫وموقع‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫مضخة‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الدموية‬ ‫الدورة‬ ‫في‬ ‫اضطراب‬ ‫حدوث‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫ينبه‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫الوريدي‬
‫إ‬ ‫الوريدي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫ينخفض‬ ، ‫الدائرة‬ ‫في‬ ‫اضطراب‬ ‫حدوث‬
‫لى‬
0
.‫زئبق‬ ‫مم‬
VENOUS
PRESSURE
VENOUS
PRESSURE
500
400
300
200
100
0
–50
WITHIN LIMITS
500
400
300
200
100
0
–50
HIGH LIMIT ALARM
Excess negative pressure
violation upper limit
Venous Pressure. (From Pittard J: Hemodialysis Nursing, Training Manual,
7th ed., version 7.0. Santa Monica, CA, 2003, with permission.)
It should be remembered that the venous pressure monitor reflects PBO in the
equation
TMP = PBO – PDO.
High venous pressures can result in too high ultrafiltra- tion rates unless an
ultrafiltration-controlled machine is being used.
‫يعكس‬ ‫الوريدي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫قياس‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫أن‬ ‫نتذكر‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يجب‬
PBO
‫المعادلة‬ ‫في‬
TMP = PBO - PDO
.
‫التحكم‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫آلة‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫لم‬ ‫ما‬ ‫ًا‬‫د‬‫ج‬ ‫عالية‬ ‫فائقة‬ ‫ترشيح‬ ‫معدالت‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫العالية‬ ‫الوريدية‬ ‫الضغوط‬ ‫تؤدي‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يمكن‬
.‫الفائق‬ ‫الترشيح‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫فيها‬
Figure 13.12
Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis 7
190.e2 Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis

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  • 1. Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis 1 The Blood Circuit ‫الدم‬ ‫دائرة‬ The blood (extracorporeal) circuit (Fig. 13.9) monitors pressures in the arterial and venous blood lines, and the integrity of the circuit for the presence of air and blood leaks. ‫(الشكل‬ )‫الجسم‬ ‫(خارج‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫دائرة‬ ‫تراقب‬ 13.9 ‫الدائرة‬ ‫وسالمة‬ ، ‫والوريدي‬ ‫الشرياني‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫خطوط‬ ‫في‬ ‫الضغط‬ ) ‫هواء‬ ‫لوجود‬ .‫الدم‬ ‫وتسرب‬ The four main blood circuit monitors (Fig. 13.10) are the arterial pressure monitor, venous pressure monitor, air-foam detector, and blood-leak detector. ‫(الشكل‬ ‫الرئيسية‬ ‫األربعة‬ ‫الدموية‬ ‫الدورة‬ ‫مراقبة‬ ‫أجهزة‬ 13.10 ‫جهاز‬ ، ‫الشرياني‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫مراقبة‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫هي‬ ) .‫الدم‬ ‫تسرب‬ ‫وكاشف‬ ، ‫الهوائية‬ ‫الرغوة‬ ‫كاشف‬ ، ‫الوريدي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫قياس‬ The blood-leak detector acts as a blood-circuit alarm but is entirely incorporated within the dialysate circuit and has already been desc ribed. The machinery responds to blood-circuit alarms by activating an audible alarm, a visual alarm, stopping the blood pump, and engaging the venous line clamp to stop the blood flow through theblood circuit. ‫وصفه‬ ‫تم‬ ‫وقد‬ ‫الديالة‬ ‫دائرة‬ ‫في‬ ‫بالكامل‬ ‫مدمج‬ ‫ولكنه‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫لدائرة‬ ‫إنذار‬ ‫كجهاز‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫تسرب‬ ‫كاشف‬ ‫يعمل‬ ‫وإيقاف‬ ، ‫مرئي‬ ‫وإنذار‬ ، ‫مسموع‬ ‫إنذار‬ ‫تنشيط‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫الدموية‬ ‫الدائرة‬ ‫إلنذارات‬ ‫اآللة‬ ‫تستجيب‬ .‫بالفعل‬ ‫مشب‬ ‫وإشراك‬ ، ‫الدم‬ ‫مضخة‬ .‫الدموية‬ ‫الدورة‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫تدفق‬ ‫إليقاف‬ ‫الوريدي‬ ‫الخط‬ ‫ك‬ Additional areas to monitor in the blood circuit are blood flow rate, heparin therapy, and normal saline supply. ، ‫الهيبارين‬ ‫وعالج‬ ، ‫الدم‬ ‫تدفق‬ ‫معدل‬ ‫هي‬ ‫الدموية‬ ‫الدورة‬ ‫في‬ ‫مراقبتها‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫التي‬ ‫اإلضافية‬ ‫المجاالت‬ ‫وإمداد‬ .‫الطبيعي‬ ‫الملحي‬ ‫المحلول‬ Arterial Pressure Monitor—Pre-Blood Pump ‫الدم‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫مراقبة‬ ‫جهاز‬ - ‫الدم‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫ما‬ ‫مضخة‬ The arterial pressure monitor measures the pressure in the arterial blood line between the patient’s arterial access and the blood. With the blood pump set to blood flow rates greater than 200 mL/min to as high as 450 mL/min, the pressure in this blood tubing segment is commonly subatmospheric to negative. This portion of the blood circuit can be a source of air entry into the blood circuit and is considered a high- risk area. ‫ضبط‬ ‫مع‬ .‫والدم‬ ‫الشرايين‬ ‫وصول‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الشرياني‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫خط‬ ‫في‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫الشرياني‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫مراقبة‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫يقيس‬ ‫من‬ ‫أكبر‬ ‫دم‬ ‫تدفق‬ ‫معدالت‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫مضخة‬ 200 ‫إلى‬ ‫دقيقة‬ / ‫مل‬ 450 ‫هذا‬ ‫في‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫يكون‬ ، ‫دقيقة‬ / ‫مل‬ ‫الج‬ ‫الغالف‬ ‫تحت‬ ً‫ة‬‫عاد‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫أنابيب‬ ‫من‬ ‫الجزء‬ ‫الدموية‬ ‫الدورة‬ ‫من‬ ‫الجزء‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يمكن‬ .‫سلبي‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫وي‬ .‫الخطورة‬ ‫عالية‬ ‫منطقة‬ ‫ويعتبر‬ ‫الدموية‬ ‫الدورة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الهواء‬ ‫لدخول‬ ‫ا‬ً‫مصدر‬
  • 2. 2 Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis Figure 13.9 Figure 13.10 Saline Arterial Pressure Blood Heparin Venous pressure Ultrasonic pump ml/min 350 pump air detector Venous line clamp From Patient To Patient Blood (Extracorporeal) Circuit. (From Pittard J: Hemodialysis Nursing, Training Manual, 7th ed., version 7.0. Santa Monica, CA, 2003, with permission.) NORMAL WARNING ALARM POWER RESET MUTE Blood Circuit Monitors. (From Pittard J: Hemodialysis Nursing, Training Manual, 7th ed., version 7.0. Santa Monica, CA, 2003, with permission.) The arterial pressure monitor is leak-free with adjustable high/low limits (Fig. 13.11), which reads negative and positive pressures in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg; 10% accuracy). This monitor requires a filter to prevent viruses, bacteria, or blood from being refluxed back into the arterial pressure monitor. This filter is essential, as viral hepatitis has been transmitted by contamination of air devices. ‫(الشكل‬ ‫للتعديل‬ ‫قابلة‬ ‫منخفضة‬ / ‫عالية‬ ‫حدود‬ ‫مع‬ ‫التسرب‬ ‫من‬ ‫خالي‬ ‫الشرياني‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫مراقبة‬ ‫جهاز‬ 13.11 ‫دقة‬ ‫؛‬ ‫زئبق‬ ‫(مم‬ ‫الزئبق‬ ‫من‬ ‫بالمليمترات‬ ‫واإليجابية‬ ‫السلبية‬ ‫الضغوط‬ ‫تقرأ‬ ‫والتي‬ ، ) 10 ٪ .) ‫جهاز‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫أخرى‬ ‫مرة‬ ‫االرتجاع‬ ‫من‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫أو‬ ‫البكتيريا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الفيروسات‬ ‫لمنع‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ح‬‫مرش‬ ‫الشاشة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫تتطلب‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫الفيروسي‬ ‫الكبد‬ ‫التهاب‬ ‫ينتقل‬ ‫حيث‬ ، ‫ًا‬‫ي‬‫ضرور‬ ‫المرشح‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يعد‬ .‫الشرايين‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫مراقبة‬ .‫الهواء‬ ‫أجهزة‬ ‫تلوث‬ AIR BLOOD ARTERIAL VENOUS DETECTOR LEAK PRESSURE PRESSURE MINOR 290 200 100 0 PRIME OVERRIDE –100 –200 –300 500 400 300 200 100 0 –50
  • 3. Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis 3 ARTERIAL PRESSURE ARTERIAL PRESSURE 290 200 100 0 –100 –200 –300 WITHIN LIMITS 290 200 100 0 –100 –200 –300 LOW LIMIT ALARM Excess negative pressure violated low limit Arterial Pressure. (From Pittard J: Hemodialysis Nursing, Training Manual, 7th ed., version 7.0. Santa Monica, CA, 2003, with permission.) These filters or fluid barriers are called isolators and/or transducer filters/ protectors. They protect the monitor from blood contamination and the spread of infection between patients. The pressure monitor lines must be unclamped and patent during dialysis. Some blood lines have collapsible pillow-shaped segments, which can initiate a false alarm. ‫تسمى‬ ‫السوائل‬ ‫حواجز‬ ‫أو‬ ‫المرشحات‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫تحمي‬ ‫أنها‬ .‫الطاقة‬ ‫محول‬ ‫واقيات‬ / ‫مرشحات‬ ‫أو‬ / ‫و‬ ‫عوازل‬ ‫م‬ ‫غير‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫مراقبة‬ ‫خطوط‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يجب‬ .‫المرضى‬ ‫بين‬ ‫العدوى‬ ‫وانتشار‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫تلوث‬ ‫من‬ ‫الشاشة‬ ‫وأن‬ ‫حكمة‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫ظاهرة‬ ‫والتي‬ ، ‫وسادة‬ ‫شكل‬ ‫على‬ ‫للطي‬ ‫قابلة‬ ‫أجزاء‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫خطوط‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫تحتوي‬ .‫الكلى‬ ‫غسيل‬ ‫أثناء‬ .‫ًا‬‫ب‬‫كاذ‬ ‫ا‬ً‫إنذار‬ ‫تطلق‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يمكن‬ During set-up, priming, and rinsing of the dialyzer, the high-low limits are opened. As soon as the dialysis treatment is initiated, the dialysis personnel must set the low, or negative, pressure limit just below the reading at the desired blood flow. Upper and lower monitor limits should be set within 50–100 mm Hg of actual reading to detect problems. Newer machine models will automatically adjust the high/low limits approximately 50 mm Hg above and below the actual pressure. ‫عالج‬ ‫بدء‬ ‫بمجرد‬ .‫والمنخفضة‬ ‫العالية‬ ‫الحدود‬ ‫فتح‬ ‫يتم‬ ، ‫الغسيل‬ ‫لجهاز‬ ‫والشطف‬ ‫والتجهيز‬ ‫اإلعداد‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫أو‬ ‫منخفض‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫حد‬ ‫تعيين‬ ‫الكلى‬ ‫غسيل‬ ‫موظفي‬ ‫على‬ ‫يجب‬ ، ‫الكلى‬ ‫غسيل‬ ‫عند‬ ‫القراءة‬ ‫من‬ ‫بقليل‬ ‫أقل‬ ‫سلبي‬ ‫حدود‬ ‫في‬ ‫والسفلية‬ ‫العلوية‬ ‫الشاشة‬ ‫حدود‬ ‫تعيين‬ ‫يجب‬ .‫المطلوب‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫تدفق‬ 50 - 100 ‫الفعلية‬ ‫القراءة‬ ‫من‬ ‫زئبق‬ ‫مم‬ ‫بحوالي‬ ‫ًا‬‫ي‬‫تلقائ‬ ‫المنخفضة‬ / ‫العالية‬ ‫الحدود‬ ‫ضبط‬ ‫على‬ ‫األحدث‬ ‫الماكينات‬ ‫طرز‬ ‫تعمل‬ .‫المشكالت‬ ‫الكتشاف‬ 50 ‫ا‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫من‬ ‫وأدنى‬ ‫أعلى‬ ‫زئبق‬ ‫مم‬ .‫لفعلي‬ Setting the low arterial limit close to the actual pressure, about 50 mm Hg below that pressure, will detect early drops in blood pressure with arteriovenous (AV) fistulas. Some units limit the minimum arterial limit to –100 mm Hg. ‫الش‬ ‫الحد‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫إن‬ ‫حوالي‬ ، ‫الفعلي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫من‬ ‫بالقرب‬ ‫المنخفض‬ ‫رياني‬ 50 ، ‫الضغط‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫من‬ ‫أقل‬ ‫زئبق‬ ‫مم‬ ( ‫الوريدية‬ ‫الشريانية‬ ‫النواسير‬ ‫مع‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫في‬ ‫مبكرة‬ ‫انخفاضات‬ ‫عن‬ ‫سيكشف‬ AV ‫الوحدات‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫تحدد‬ .) ‫عند‬ ‫للشريان‬ ‫األدنى‬ ‫الحد‬ - 100 .‫زئبق‬ ‫ملم‬ The greater the vacuum, the greater the risk of air entering this tubing segment from any crack, improperly glued or fitted joint, sample port, saline infusion line, or the patient’s access. It is advisable to set the high limit just below zero, which will pick up a disruption of the arterial blood line from the fistula needle. Figure 13.11
  • 4. 4 Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis ‫أو‬ ‫لصقها‬ ‫تم‬ ‫مفصل‬ ‫أو‬ ، ‫صدع‬ ‫أي‬ ‫من‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫األنابيب‬ ‫جزء‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الهواء‬ ‫دخول‬ ‫خطر‬ ‫زاد‬ ، ‫الفراغ‬ ‫زاد‬ ‫كلما‬ ‫نصح‬‫ي‬ .‫المريض‬ ‫وصول‬ ‫أو‬ ، ‫الملحي‬ ‫المحلول‬ ‫ضخ‬ ‫خط‬ ‫أو‬ ، ‫العينة‬ ‫منفذ‬ ‫أو‬ ، ‫صحيح‬ ‫غير‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫تركيبها‬ ‫إل‬ ‫سيؤدي‬ ‫والذي‬ ، ‫الصفر‬ ‫من‬ ‫بقليل‬ ‫أقل‬ ‫مرتفع‬ ‫حد‬ ‫بتعيين‬ ‫إبرة‬ ‫من‬ ‫الشرياني‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫خط‬ ‫في‬ ‫خلل‬ ‫حدوث‬ ‫ى‬ .‫الناسور‬ Arterial Pressure Monitoring ‫الشرايين‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫مراقبة‬ The usual causes of a low-limit arterial pressure alarm are  a drop in blood pressure (only with AV fistulas),  a kink in the arterial blood line between the access and blood pump,  malpositioned arterial needle or problem with arterial access,  and a clotted arterial line. The circuit should always be checked for air bubbles. ‫مع‬ ‫(فقط‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫انخفاض‬ ‫هي‬ ‫الحد‬ ‫منخفض‬ ‫الشرياني‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫إنذار‬ ‫لجهاز‬ ‫المعتادة‬ ‫األسباب‬ ‫الناسور‬ ‫الوضع‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫الشرايين‬ ‫وإبرة‬ ، ‫الدم‬ ‫ومضخة‬ ‫الوصول‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الشرياني‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫خط‬ ‫في‬ ‫والتواء‬ ، )‫الوريدي‬ ‫الشرياني‬ ‫فقاعات‬ ‫عن‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ث‬‫بح‬ ‫الدائرة‬ ‫فحص‬ ‫ا‬ً‫م‬‫دائ‬ ‫يجب‬ .‫الشرايين‬ ‫خط‬ .‫والتخثر‬ ، ‫الشرياني‬ ‫الوصول‬ ‫في‬ ‫مشكلة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الخاطئ‬ .‫الهواء‬ The usual causes of a high-limit arterial pressure alarm are  blood line separation (only if the upper limit is set below 0 mm Hg),  the saline infusion line is unclamped,  an increase in patient’s blood pressure,  a leak in the circuit between the patient and monitor,  and torn blood tubing in the pump segment. It is important to check for leaking blood. ‫فصل‬ ‫هي‬ ‫الحد‬ ‫عالي‬ ‫الشرياني‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫إلنذار‬ ‫المعتادة‬ ‫األسباب‬ ‫خط‬ ‫من‬ ‫أقل‬ ‫األعلى‬ ‫الحد‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫(فقط‬ ‫الدم‬ 0 ‫بين‬ ‫الدائرة‬ ‫في‬ ‫وتسرب‬ ، ‫المريض‬ ‫دم‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫في‬ ‫وزيادة‬ ، ‫محكم‬ ‫غير‬ ‫الملحي‬ ‫التسريب‬ ‫وخط‬ ، )‫زئبق‬ ‫مم‬ ‫ومراقبة‬ ‫المريض‬ ‫وتمزق‬ .‫الدم‬ ‫تسرب‬ ‫من‬ ‫التحقق‬ ‫المهم‬ ‫من‬ .‫المضخة‬ ‫جزء‬ ‫في‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫أنابيب‬
  • 5. Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis 5 The appropriate response to pressure alarms is to  , first, mute the audible alarm;  second, investigate the problem;  third, correct the problem;  and fourth, restart the blood pump by pressing the reset/restart button. Do not restart the blood pump until the problem is corrected for patient safety. Failure to correct the problem will causethe alarm to reoccur. ‫؛‬ ‫المشكلة‬ ‫من‬ ‫تحقق‬ ، ‫ًا‬‫ي‬‫ثان‬ ‫؛‬ ‫المسموع‬ ‫اإلنذار‬ ‫صوت‬ ‫كتم‬ ، ً‫ال‬‫أو‬ ، ‫هي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫إلنذارات‬ ‫المناسبة‬ ‫االستجابة‬ / ‫الضبط‬ ‫إعادة‬ ‫زر‬ ‫على‬ ‫بالضغط‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫مضخة‬ ‫تشغيل‬ ‫أعد‬ ، ‫ا‬ً‫ع‬‫وراب‬ ‫؛‬ ‫المشكلة‬ ‫تصحيح‬ ، ‫ا‬ً‫ث‬‫ثال‬ ‫ال‬ .‫التشغيل‬ ‫إعادة‬ ‫تصحيح‬ ‫عدم‬ ‫سيؤدي‬ .‫المريض‬ ‫سالمة‬ ‫أجل‬ ‫من‬ ‫المشكلة‬ ‫تصحيح‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫مضخة‬ ‫تشغيل‬ ‫بإعادة‬ ‫تقم‬ .‫اإلنذار‬ ‫تكرار‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫المشكلة‬ Venous Pressure Monitor ‫الوريدي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫مراقبة‬ ‫جهاز‬ The venous pressure monitor, located post dialyzer, monitors pressure at the venous drip chamber, the segment between the drip chamber and the patient’s venous access, and the added intra-access pressure. The resistance to the blood flow entering the venous access causes the pressure to be positive (Fig. 13.12), above 0 mm Hg. ‫بعد‬ ‫الموجود‬ ، ‫الوريدي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫مراقبة‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫فلتر‬ ‫الكلى‬ ‫غسيل‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫في‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫يراقب‬ ، ‫التنقيط‬ ‫حجرة‬ ‫الوريدي‬ .‫اإلضافي‬ ‫الداخلي‬ ‫والضغط‬ ، ‫الوريدي‬ ‫المريض‬ ‫ووصول‬ ‫التنقيط‬ ‫حجرة‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الموجود‬ ‫والجزء‬ ، ‫(الشكل‬ ‫ًا‬‫ب‬‫موج‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫يؤدي‬ ‫الوريد‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الداخل‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫تدفق‬ ‫مقاومة‬ 13.12 ‫فوق‬ ، ) 0 .‫زئبق‬ ‫مم‬ The venous pressure monitor’s structure and standards are similar to those described for the arterial pre-blood pump monitor. This pressure monitor requires protection by a filter or transducer fluid barrier. .‫الشرياني‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫مضخة‬ ‫مراقبة‬ ‫لجهاز‬ ‫الموصوفة‬ ‫لتلك‬ ‫مماثلة‬ ‫الوريدي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫مراقبة‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫ومعايير‬ ‫هيكل‬ ‫الحم‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫مراقبة‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫يتطلب‬ .‫الطاقة‬ ‫محول‬ ‫سائل‬ ‫حاجز‬ ‫أو‬ ‫مرشح‬ ‫بواسطة‬ ‫اية‬ Venous Pressure Monitoring ‫الوريدي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫مراقبة‬ Causes of a high venous pressure alarm are  a kink in the venous blood line between the drip chamber and patient’s venous access,  a clot in the venous drip chamber and/or downstream to the patient,  and a malpositioned venous needle or problem with the venous access device. ‫هي‬ ‫الوريدي‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫ارتفاع‬ ‫أسباب‬ ‫التواء‬ ‫الوريدي‬ ‫والمدخل‬ ‫التنقيط‬ ‫غرفة‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الوريدي‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫خط‬ ‫في‬ ‫المصب‬ ‫أو‬ / ‫و‬ ‫الوريدي‬ ‫التنقيط‬ ‫حجرة‬ ‫في‬ ‫وجلطة‬ ، ‫للمريض‬ ‫مشكلة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫خاطئة‬ ‫وريدية‬ ‫وإبرة‬ ، ‫المريض‬ ‫إلى‬ .‫جهاز‬ ‫الوريدي‬ ‫الوصول‬ ‫في‬ Causes of a low venous pressure alarm are  blood line separation or disruption of connections between the blood pump to and including the venous access;  a kink in the blood line post dialyzer and pre–venous drip chamber;  a clotted dialyzer;  and a lowering of the blood-pump speed. Note that setting the low limit close to the operating pressure of the venous drip chamber can alert to a disruption of the blood circuit between the blood pump and venous access site. With a disruption of the circuit, the venous
  • 6. 6 Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis pressure will drop to 0 mm Hg. ‫ذلك‬ ‫في‬ ‫بما‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫مضخة‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الوصالت‬ ‫انقطاع‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫خط‬ ‫فصل‬ ‫هي‬ ‫الوريدي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫انخفاض‬ ‫أسباب‬ ‫التنقي‬ ‫وغرفة‬ ‫الدموي‬ ‫الديال‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫ما‬ ‫تحليل‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫في‬ ‫التواء‬ ‫؛‬ ‫الوريدي‬ ‫الوصول‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫؛‬ ‫المسبق‬ ‫الوريدي‬ ‫ط‬ ‫التنقيط‬ ‫لحجرة‬ ‫التشغيل‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫من‬ ‫بالقرب‬ ‫األدنى‬ ‫الحد‬ ‫تعيين‬ ‫أن‬ ‫الحظ‬ .‫الدم‬ ‫ضخ‬ ‫سرعة‬ ‫وخفض‬ ‫متخثر‬ ‫غسيل‬ ‫مع‬ .‫الوريدي‬ ‫الوصول‬ ‫وموقع‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫مضخة‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الدموية‬ ‫الدورة‬ ‫في‬ ‫اضطراب‬ ‫حدوث‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫ينبه‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫الوريدي‬ ‫إ‬ ‫الوريدي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫ينخفض‬ ، ‫الدائرة‬ ‫في‬ ‫اضطراب‬ ‫حدوث‬ ‫لى‬ 0 .‫زئبق‬ ‫مم‬ VENOUS PRESSURE VENOUS PRESSURE 500 400 300 200 100 0 –50 WITHIN LIMITS 500 400 300 200 100 0 –50 HIGH LIMIT ALARM Excess negative pressure violation upper limit Venous Pressure. (From Pittard J: Hemodialysis Nursing, Training Manual, 7th ed., version 7.0. Santa Monica, CA, 2003, with permission.) It should be remembered that the venous pressure monitor reflects PBO in the equation TMP = PBO – PDO. High venous pressures can result in too high ultrafiltra- tion rates unless an ultrafiltration-controlled machine is being used. ‫يعكس‬ ‫الوريدي‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫قياس‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫أن‬ ‫نتذكر‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يجب‬ PBO ‫المعادلة‬ ‫في‬ TMP = PBO - PDO . ‫التحكم‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫آلة‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫لم‬ ‫ما‬ ‫ًا‬‫د‬‫ج‬ ‫عالية‬ ‫فائقة‬ ‫ترشيح‬ ‫معدالت‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫العالية‬ ‫الوريدية‬ ‫الضغوط‬ ‫تؤدي‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يمكن‬ .‫الفائق‬ ‫الترشيح‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫فيها‬ Figure 13.12
  • 7. Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis 7
  • 8. 190.e2 Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis