This is a short pdf about the Epidemiology of Malaria; it is made to help those who would like to get general information about this topic. We hope this helps!
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3. • Contents:
• 1-Epidemiology of Malaria Globally:
• A-Distribution
• B- Determinants (Causes and Risk Factors)
• C- Frequency
• D- Prevention and Control
• 2-Epidemiology of Malaria in Sudan
• A-Distribution
• B- Determinants (Causes and Risk Factors)
• C- Frequency
• D- Prevention and Control
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4. Introduction
Malaria is an acute fever illness characterized by many
symptoms such as: headaches, diarrhea, loss of appetite,
and muscle pain; Malaria is caused by Plasmodium
parasites, which are transmitted to human via bites of an
infected vector called the female Anopheles mosquitoes.
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6. • Malaria can infect any person of any age or gender.
• The key factor of Malaria transmission is the
temperature of the region.
• Thus warmer regions (ex. Tropical and subtropical
regions) have:
1- A more intense transmission; and
2- Malaria is transmitted year-round
• While in cooler regions the transmission will be less
intense and more seasonal.
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Con. Distribution of Malaria:
7. • The highest transmission is in Africa – South of the
Sahara and in some parts of Oceania such as Papua New
Guinea.
• The transmission is higher in rural areas.
• In many temperate areas, such as western Europe and
the United States, economic development and public
health measures have succeeded in eliminating malaria.
• However, most of these areas have Anopheles
mosquitoes that can transmit malaria, and reintroduction
of the disease is a constant risk.
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Con. Distribution of Malaria:
8. • In many Malaria-endemic countries, Malaria transmission
doesn`t occur in all parts of the country, such as:
1- At very high altitudes;
2- During cooler seasons in some areas;
3- In deserts (excluding oases); and
4- In countries where transmission has been
interrupted by successfully by control/elimination
programs.
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Con. Distribution of Malaria:
9. • Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasite that induces the
disease, it has 5 types which are:
• Plasmodium falciparum: mainly found in Africa, it’s the
most common type of malaria parasite and responsible for
most deaths
• Plasmodium vivax: mainly found in asia and south America,
this causes milder symptoms and stays in the liver for years
• Plasmodium ovale: fairly uncommon and usually found in
West Africa
• Plasmodium malariae: this is quite rare and usually found in
Africa
• Plasmodium knowlesi: very rare and found in parts of
southeast Asia
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Determinants of Malaria:
10. Epidemiology of Malaria
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• Developing countries
• Tropical and subtropical regions
• Rural residence
• Proximity to stagnant water
• Blood transfusion
• Sharing infected needles
• Pregnancy; as Malaria is transmitted from mother to
fetus via blood.
• Travelling to Malarious zones
Risk factors:
11. Frequency of Malaria :
• Malaria transmission occurs in 85 countries across five
WHO regions. Since 2015, the WHO European Region
has been free of Malaria.
• According to the World Malaria Report 2020, there
were 241 million cases of Malaria globally in 2020.
• Malaria deaths increased by 12% (624,960 deaths)
compared with 2019 (which were 558,000 deaths).
• The increases in Malaria cases are deaths were
associated with disruption to health services during the
COVID-19 pandemic
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12. Con. Frequency of Malaria :
• The African region had the heaviest strike with an
estimated 95% of cases and 96% of deaths.
• A worth-to-mention fact is that 80% of all deaths in
this region are among children under the age of 5.
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13. Prevention of Malaria:
• Malaria vaccine.
• Preventive chemotherapy by antimalarial drugs.
• Apply mosquito repellent with dithyltoluamide to
exposed skin.
• Use mosquito bed nets, preferably insecticide-treated
nets.
• Wear long pants and long sleeves to cover your skin.
• Spray pyrethrin or a similar insecticide in your
bedroom before going to bed.
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14. Control of Malaria:
• Vector Control is the principle way of Malaria control
• Vector Control means to reduce the contact between
human and the vector.
• Vector control depends on 2 essential acts which are:
1- Insecticide-treated nets, as they keep the vector away.
2- Indoor residual spraying, as it eliminates indoor vectors.
• These 2 ways may be supplemented by other
interventions as larviciding.
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15. • By the year 2030 the WHO aims to:
• Reduce Malaria case incidence by at least 90%.
• Reduce Malaria mortality rate by at least 90%.
• Eliminate Malaria in at least 35 countries.
• Prevent a resurgence of Malaria in all countries that
are Malaria-free.
• Thus reducing the overall burden of the disease.
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Con. Control of Malaria:
17. • As mentioned previously Malaria can infect any person
of any age or gender.
• Sudan is a tropical region, thus has an intense
transmission of Malaria.
• Also the transmission of Malaria in Sudan is year-round.
• Although transmission is year-round, it peaks during
winter and rainy seasons.
• Its most affected regions include: Darfur, White Nile,
Khartoum.
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Distribution of Malaria in Sudan:
18. • Causes:
• The main cause of Malaria in Sudan is P.Falciparum and
P.Vivax.
• Risk Factors:
• Proximity to stagnant water.
• Blood transfusion.
• Sharing infected needles.
• Pregnancy; as Malaria is transmitted from mother to fetus
via blood.
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Determinants of Malaria in Sudan:
19. Frequency:
• Approximately 75% of Sudan`s population is at risk of
developing Malaria.
• Darfur, White Nile and Khartoum are the most affected
states.
• In November of 2019, around 250,000 cases were
reported in Darfur only.
• In 2020, Sudan accounted for 56% of all cases and 61%
of deaths in the East Mediterranean region
• This means +410,000 cases and +7,500 deaths in 2020
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20. Prevention:
• Malaria vaccine.
• Preventive chemotherapy by antimalarial drugs.
• Apply mosquito repellent with dithyltoluamide to
exposed skin.
• Use mosquito bed nets, preferably insecticide-
treated nets.
• Wear long pants and long sleeves to cover your skin.
• Spray pyrethrin or a similar insecticide in your
bedroom before going to bed.
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21. • In April of 2022 Sudan has adopted the High Burden
High Impact (HBHI) approach against Malaria.
• HBHI is a country-led approach that is supported by
WHO with the goal to reduce and end Malaria.
• If Sudan produced and followed a well-made protocol
then a positive impact on incidence, mortality,
morbidity, prevalence and burden should occur.
• Vector Control is highly recommended.
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Control:
