ACUTE VIRAL HEPATITIS.pdf
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Viral hepatitis is an infection that causes liver inflammation and can progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis or liver cancer. It is diagnosed through patient history, exams, liver function tests and serologic tests. Symptoms vary between an icteric phase with enlarged liver and tender abdomen, and a post-icteric phase. Differential diagnoses include infectious mononucleosis, drug-induced hepatitis, chronic hepatitis and alcohol hepatitis. Complications include chronic hepatitis leading to cirrhosis or liver cancer, and fulminant hepatitis with hepatic failure. Hepatitis A, B, C, D and E are addressed in regards to transmission routes, serology, prevention and management.
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Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses, alcohol, obesity, or the immune system. The major types of viral hepatitis are hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E, which are spread through food, water, blood or sexual contact. Hepatitis B and C often become chronic infections and can lead to cirrhosis or liver cancer if not treated. While hepatitis A and E usually only cause acute infections, hepatitis B, C and D pose longer term risks. Lifestyle changes and vaccines can help prevent hepatitis in many cases.
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Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses, alcohol, obesity, or the immune system. The major types of viral hepatitis are hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E, which are spread through food, water, blood or sexual contact. Hepatitis B and C often become chronic infections and can lead to cirrhosis or liver cancer if not treated. While hepatitis A and E usually only cause acute infections, hepatitis B, C and D pose longer term risks. Lifestyle changes and vaccines can help prevent hepatitis in many cases.
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The document defines primary health care and outlines its key elements and principles. It began with defining primary health care as essential health care that is universally accessible and affordable. It then lists the 8 elements of primary health care as outlined by the Alma-Ata conference, including maternal and child health care, immunizations, and treatment of common diseases. The principles of primary health care discussed include equitable distribution of services, community participation, intersectoral coordination using other sectors like agriculture and education, use of appropriate technology, and a focus on prevention. The role of nurses in primary health care is also summarized, including direct care provision, health education, planning and managing care, guiding and supervising other personnel, and specific functions like needs assessment
npp.pdf
The document outlines the key points of India's National Population Policy, including its objectives, strategies, and promotional measures. The policy's immediate objective is to address unmet needs for contraception and healthcare. Its medium-term goal is to lower the total fertility rate to replacement levels by 2010 through intersectoral strategies. The long-term aim is to achieve population stability by 2045 in a sustainable manner. The policy promotes universal access to reproductive health services and aims to empower women. It also outlines incentives to encourage smaller families and later age of marriage.
nhp.pdf
The National Health Policy of India from 1983 aimed to achieve health for all by 2000 through universal access to primary health centers. However, it was criticized for not having enough resources to achieve this goal. The 2002 policy took a more realistic approach. The 2017 policy aims to provide universal health coverage through increased access, improved quality, and lower costs. It seeks to reduce disease burdens and mortality rates while expanding preventive, promotive, and rehabilitative health services.
chn history.pdf
The document discusses the history and development of community health nursing in India from ancient to modern times. It covers major periods and events, including the establishment of Ayurveda and other traditional medical systems in ancient India, the introduction of modern nursing practices by the British during colonial rule, and the development of public health programs and nursing education post-independence through committees and five-year plans. Key events that shaped community health nursing in each period are highlighted.
5 yr Plans for Healtcare in India .pdf
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primary heakth care concept .pdf
Primary health care aims to provide equitable access to essential health services focused on prevention. It has 8 key elements including maternal/child health, immunization, disease prevention/control, and access to medicines. Primary health care is based on principles of community participation, intersectoral coordination using appropriate technologies, and equitable distribution of services with a focus on prevention. The nurse plays an important role as a direct provider, health educator, planner, supervisor, and in monitoring/evaluation to support primary health care goals.
healthcommittees-anand-181110174833-1.pptx
The document summarizes several important health committees appointed by the Government of India from 1946 to 1977 to review the country's health situation and make recommendations. It describes the key recommendations of committees like the Bhore Committee (1946), Mudaliar Committee (1962), Chadah Committee (1963), Mukerji Committees (1965-1966), Jungalwalla Committee (1967), Kartar Singh Committee (1973), Shrivastav Committee (1975), and the introduction of the Rural Health Scheme in 1977 based on the Shrivastav Committee's recommendations. The committees generally recommended strengthening primary health centers, integrating preventive and curative services, developing a cadre of health workers, and reorienting medical education towards community
healthcommitteesincommunityhealthnursing-170505062306 (1).pdf
The document discusses several health committees constituted in India to review and improve the country's health system. Key points:
1) The Bhore Committee (1943) found high communicable disease rates, low life expectancy, and recommended a three-tier primary-secondary-tertiary healthcare system.
2) The Mudaliar Committee (1959) observed inadequate basic health facilities and staff shortages. It recommended strengthening primary health centers.
3) The Mukerji Committee (1966) reviewed family planning programs and recommended strengthening education efforts and designating a state health directorate for family planning.
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ACUTE VIRAL HEPATITIS.pdf
- 1. ACUTE VIRAL HEPATITIS •CLINICAL PRESENTATION. •DIGNOSIS. •EPEDEMOLOGY OF VIRAL HEPATITIS INFECTION A,B,C •MANAGEMENT.
- 2. What is viral hepatitis? Viral Hepatitis is an infection that causes inflammation of the liver. The inflammatory process can be self limiting, or can progress to fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis or liver cancer.
- 4. Diagnosis of hepatitis • Patient history • Physical examination • Liver function tests • Serologic tests
- 5. Symptoms
- 6. Signs • Icteric phase:: 1. Enlarged liver 2. Tender upper quadrant 3. Discomfort 4. Splenomegaly (10-20%) 5. General adenopathy • Post-icteric phase
- 7. Lab Findings 1. L FT increase >5-10 times of normal 2. Markers of hepatitis B or C or A/E might be positive
- 8. Pathological findings 1. Pan lobular infiltration with mononuclear cells 2. Hepatic cell necrosis 3. Reticulum framework are intact
- 9. DD: 1. Infectious Mononucleosis 2. Drug Induced Hepatitis 3. Chronic Hepatitis. 4. Alcohol Hepatitis 5. Cholecystitis, Cholelithiasis
- 10. Complications 1.Chronic hepatitis 🡪 cirrhosis- HCC 2.Fulmnant hepatitis
- 11. FULMINANT HEPATITIS • Definition: Hepatic Failure Within 8 Weeks Of Onset Of Illness. • Manifestation: Encephalopathy and Prolonged PT • Histopathology: Massive Hepatic Necrosis.
- 13. HBV infection • Factors affecting transmission ability 1.Replicative status - HBeAg - high HBVDNA 2.Route of infection - percutanouse - Transmucosal 3. Exposure frequency : Single vs. Multiple 4. Inoculums size : transfusion vs. needle stick
- 14. Hepatitis B
- 15. Hepatitis B serology • anti-HBc→ exposure (IgM = acute) • HBsAg → infection (carrier) • anti-HBs → immunity • HBeAg → viral replication • anti-HBe → seroconversion • HBV-DNA → viral replication
- 18. HCV INFECTION
- 24. Prevention Of HCV Transmission • Avoiding shared use of Razors or brushes and any item that pierces the skin. • Strict adherence of the universal precautions in health facilities. • Educating and training of HCW’s to the proper use of standard precautions • Folk medicine?!
- 25. HAV INFECTION
- 32. Hepatitis e