Introduction to Robotics

1. Introduction to
Robotics
By. Mohamed Essam

2. Robotics History
1922 Czech author Karel Capek wrote a story called Rossum’s Universal
Robots and introduced the word “Rabota”(meaning worker)

3. Robotics History
1954 George Devol developed the first programmable Robot.

4. Robotics History
 Three Laws of Robotics (Isaac Asimov in I,Robot 1950)
Asimov proposed three “Laws of Robotics” and later added the “zeroth law”
Law 0: A robot may not injure humanity or through inaction, allow humanity to
come to harm
Law 1: A robot may not injure a human being or through inaction, allow a human
being to come to harm, unless this would violate a higher order law
Law 2: A robot must obey orders given to it by human beings, except where
such orders would conflict with a higher order law
Law 3: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does
not conflict with a higher order law

5. Robotics History
 Three Laws of Robotics (Isaac Asimov in I,Robot 1950)
Asimov proposed three “Laws of Robotics” and later added the “zeroth law”
Law 0: A robot may not injure humanity or through inaction, allow humanity to
come to harm
Law 1: A robot may not injure a human being or through inaction, allow a human
being to come to harm, unless this would violate a higher order law
Law 2: A robot must obey orders given to it by human beings, except where
such orders would conflict with a higher order law
Law 3: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does
not conflict with a higher order law

6. Definition of the Robot
Defined by Robotics Industry Association (RIA) as
A Re-programmable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move material,
parts, tools or specialized devices through variable programmed motion
for a variety of tasks

7. Robotics and Society
 Provide assistance / service for people
 disabled, aged, patients and children
 Free everyone from tedious housework

8. What is a Robot?
 A machine that senses, thinks, and acts
 Must have sensors, processing ability that emulates some aspects of
cognition, and actuators
 In artificial intelligence, such systems are known as “agents.”

9. Robotics
Robotics is the art, knowledge base, and the know-how of designing,
applying, and using robots in human endeavors.

10. Robot Classification
Types of Robots by Function
 Manipulators:
robotic arms and hands;
Motion generators:
flight simulators; SCARA (Selective-Compliance Assembly Robot Arm);
and moving platforms
Locomotors, mobile robots:
legged and wheeled robots;
Swimming robots; and
Flying robots.

11. Robot Classification
Types of Robots by Function
 Manipulators:
robotic arms and hands;

12. Robot Classification
Types of Robots by Function
 Motion generators:
flight simulators; SCARA (Selective-Compliance Assembly Robot Arm);
and moving platforms

13. Robot Classification
Types of Robots by Function
 Locomotors, mobile robots:
legged and wheeled robots;

14. Robot Classification
Types of Robots by Function
 Swimming robots; and
 Flying robots.

15. Robot Components
 Manipulator / Arm
 End Effector: is connected to the last joint (ex: Hand / Gripper)
 Actuators : Actuators are the muscles of the manipulators. As
servomotors, Stepper motors, pneumatic and hydraulic .
 Sensors: are used to collect information to communicate with the
environment.
 Controller: receive its data from the computer and controls the motion
of the actuators.
 Processor: calculate the motion of the joints.
 Software : there are groups of software programs used in robot

16. Actuators and Drive Systems
Actuators are one of the key components contained in a robotic system.
A robot has many degrees of freedom (DOF), each of which is a
servoed joint generating desired motion.
Most of today’s robotic systems are powered by electric servomotors.
Therefore, we focus on electromechanical actuators.

17. Actuators and Drive Systems
Motors are the most common way to control the movements of robots and
are known as actuators.
They can be connected to gears and wheels and are a perfect way of
adding mobility.
There are a number of different types of motors that can be used, DC,
stepper and servo motors.

18. Actuators
 Pneumatic :air pressure
 Hydraulics :fluid pressure
 Electrical (Motors) :current

19. Sensors for Robotic Systems
The term sensor is used for an input device that provides a usable
output in response to a specified physical input.

20. Sensors for Robotic Systems
 Types of Sensors
 Contact: switch
 „Distance: Ultrasound, radar, infra red
 „Light level: photo cells, cameras
 „Sound level: microphone
 Strain: strain gauge
 „Rotation: encoder
 „Smell: chemical
 Temperature: thermal, infra red
 „Inclination: inclinometers, gyroscopes
 Pressure: pressure gauges
 „Altitude: altimeters „...

21. Any Questions?
Mohamed Essam
!

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THANKS!
Contacts
Mhmd96.essam@gmail.com
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