13. - The aim of the GPL is to keep software “free” , so everyone can adapt its own needs.
14.
15. 2- Bios : a small program in EEPROM (Electrical Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory). Bios function check memory check for the availabiltity aboot devices loads Master Boot Record (MBR) of the first availale boot device . MBR (master boot record) : it’s size 512 bytes 1- power on …. 3- Boot Loader : after loades MBR , boot loader make its function . function : check partition table and looks for a partition that is marked “active”. Examples of boot loader grub and lilo ,the most common now is grub (grand unified boot loader). Boot loader stored in MBR.
16. 4- kernal : When the user selects a Linux operating system in the boot loader, then the boot loader will load the Linux kernel. Kernal function : it detects all hardware . switches the cpu to multitasking and multiuser mode. For more informations about kernal back to this topic linux kernal . 5- Init : started by the kernal , it decide runlevel mode . runlevels 0: halt 1: single user mode 2: multiuser without NFS 3: full multiuser mode 4: unused 5: multiuser with graphical login 6: reboot
70. - “when you log on as a standard user, all running X applications still have access only to the system limited to that user. If you log in as root, X has all root permissions.”