This document discusses various surface treatment and coating techniques, including conversion coatings like oxidation and anodizing, thermal coatings like carburizing and nitriding, metal coatings using electroplating and electroless deposition, vapor deposition methods like PVD and CVD, and organic coatings like paint and powder coating. It provides details on common processes, their applications and benefits, comparing techniques like electroless nickel plating versus hard chrome plating. The document emphasizes the importance of coatings for improving properties like corrosion and wear resistance.

1. Surface Treatments
Milan van Bree
PANalytical/ TU Delft,
Preliminary research
March 2009

2. Major Surface Treatments
 Finishing and Polishing – covered previously
 Coatings
 Conversion Coatings (oxidation, anodizing)
 Thermal Coatings (carburizing – flame spraying)
 Metal Coatings (electrochemical, electro less)
 Deposition
 Physical Vapor Deposition
 Chemical Vapor Deposition
 Organic

3. Conversion Coatings
 Oxidation
 Phosphate Coatings
 Chrome Coatings

4. Conversion Coatings -
Oxidation
 Oxidation
 Not all oxides are
detrimental – many are
tightly adhering leading
to passivation and
hardening of surface
 Al2O3
 Chromium in Stainless
steel rapidly corrodes to
passivate the surface
 Gun-bluing
 Heat steel to 700 deg F in
steam or oil
 Blue coating offers some
corrosion resistance, but little
wear benefit
 Chemical Baths – similar in
nature to gun-bluing
 Black Oxide – chemical
application
 Typically applied to steel,
copper and stainless steel
 Anodizing – electrochemical
conversion
 Usually done to Aluminum
 2-25 µm thick typically
 Multiple colors possible
 Improved Corrosion and Wear
Resistance

5. Conversion Coatings –
Phosphate Coating
 Immersion in a Zn-P bath with Phosphoric acid
causes growth of a crystalline zinc phosphate
layer
 Iron, Zinc or Manganese Phosphate layer formed
 Typically applied to C-steel, low alloy steel and
cast irons
 Sometimes applied to Zinc, Cadmium, Aluminum
and Tin
 Typically very thin ~ 2.5 µm

6. Conversion Coatings –
Chrome Coating
 Food cans
 Immersion in a chromic acid bath (pH ~ 1.8)
with other chemicals to coat surface
 Known carcinogen chemicals used, so
alternatives are currently under research
 Molybdate chemicals currently best subsititute for
aluminum coatings
 Very good to minimize atmospheric corrosion
 Many household goods – screws, hinges (yellow
brown appearance)
 Typically very thin < 2.5 µm

7. Thermal Treatments
 Surface Heat Treatment
 Diffusion Coating
 Hot-Dip Coatings
 Weld Overlay Coatings

8. Thermal Treatments –
Surface Heat Treatment
 Basic concept is to heat the surface to
austenitic range, then quench it to form surface
martensite - workpiece is steel
 Heating Methods
 Flame Treatment
 Induction Heating
 Copper coil wraps around part to heat by induction
 Electron Beam or Laser Beam Hardening
 Typically heat small area and allow the bulk solid heat
capacity to quench the small heated area

9. Thermal Treatments –
Diffusion Coating
 With low carbon steel, the surface can be enriched by
diffusion of C or N into surface
 Carburizing
 Heat steel to austenitic range (850-950 ºC) in a carbon rich
environment, then quench and temper
 Nitriding
 Nitrogen diffusion into steels occurs around 500-560 ºC to form
a thin hard surface
 Good for Cr, V, W, and Mo steels. Will embrittle surface of
Aluminum.
 Metal Diffusion
 Chromizing – Chromium diffuses into surface to form corrosion
resistant layer.
 Take care with carbon steels as surface will decarburize
 Aluminizing – Used to increase the high temperature corrosion
resistance of steels and superalloys

10. Thermal Treatments –
Hot-Dip Coatings
 These coatings are used for corrosion protection
 Galvanizing
 Parts are dipped into a molten zinc bath
 Galv-annealing
 Galvanized parts are then heat treated to ~500 ºC to form Fe-Zn inter-
metallic
 Used for metals that need spot welded to protect copper electrode from
alloying with zinc and reducing its life
 Zn-Al Coatings
 Gives a different corrosion protect and a more lustrous appearance
(can greatly reduce spangles easily observed on galvanized parts)
 Aluminum Coatings
 Alloyed with Si
 Coatings used on steel for high temperature applications that need a
lustrous appearance
 Example – Automobile exhaust

11. Thermal Treatments –
Weld Overlay coatings
 Typically used to improve wear resistance by creating
a hard surface over a tough bulk body
 Hard Facing
 Weld buildup of parts – alloy composition controls final
properties
 Examples – cutting tools, rock drills, cutting blades
 Cladding of material for corrosion resistance
 Thermal spraying
 Molten particle deposition – a stream of molten metal particles
are deposited on the substrate surface
 Major difference from hard facing is that the surface of the
substrate is not subjected to welding. Instead it just undergoes
a bonding process with the molten particles.

12. Metal Coatings
 Electroplating
 Electroless Coatings
 Metallizing of Plastics and Ceramics

13. Metal Coatings -
Electroplating
 Used to increase wear and corrosion resistance
 Electrochemical process used to create a thin coating
bonding to substrate
 Process is slow so coating thickness can be closely
controlled (10-500 µm)
 Applications
 Tin and Zinc are deposited on steel for further working
 Zinc and Cadmium are deposited on parts for corrosion
resistance (Cadmium is toxic and can not be used for food
applications)
 Copper is deposited for electrical contacts
 Nickel for corrosion resistance
 Chromium can be used to impart wear resistance to dies and
reduce adhesion to workpieces such as aluminum or zinc
 Precious metals for decoration or electronic devices

14. Metal Coatings –
Electroless Coatings
 Part is submerged into an aqueous bath
filled with metal salts, reducing agents
and catalysts
 Catalysts reduce metal to ions to form the
coating
 Excellent for complex geometries as
deposition is uniform across surface
regardless of geometry (except very
sharp corners (0.4 mm radii))

15. Metal Coatings -
Electroless Nickel Plating
 Has the appearance of
stainless steel
 Autocatalytic immersion
process
 Key characteristics:
 Heat treatable coating (to
68 Rc) very hard
 Non-porous
 Corrosion resistant
 .001” thick typical
 Withstand load to 45 ksi
 Can be applied to:
 steel and stainless steel,
iron, aluminum, titanium,
magnesium, copper,
brass, bronze, and nickel

16. Electroless Nickel vs.
Chrome Plating
ELECTROLESS NICKEL HARD CHROME
METAL DISTRIBUTION VERY GOOD POOR
CORROSION RESISTANCE
1,000 HOURS
ASTM B117
400 HOURS
ASTM B117
HARDNESS:
AS DEPOSITED
HEAT TREAT
48-52 Rc
70 Rc
64-69 Rc
48-52 Rc
MELTING POINT 1800oF 2900oF
WEAR RESISTANCE GOOD VERY GOOD
CO-EFFICIENT OF FRICTION:
DYNAMIC
STATIC
0.19
0.20
0.16
0.17
DUCTILITY 1-2% Very Low Almost 0
EFFLUENT COST RELATIVELY LOW HIGH
DEPOSITION RATE
(PER HOUR PER HOUR)
.0002 - .0003 .001 - .002
EFFECTIVE OF HYDROGEN
EMBRITTLEMENT ON PLATED
COMPONENTS
FAIR/NOT SERIOUS USUALLY SERIOUS

17. Metal Coatings –
Metallizing of Plastics and
Ceramics
 Poor adhesion is the major challenge (As
in all coating processes, however it is
more challenging in this case.)
 Applications
 Decorative (plumbing fixtures, automotive
parts), reflectivity (headlights), electrical
conduction (electronic touchpads), and EMF
shielding

18. Vapor Deposition
 Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD)
 Thermal PVD
 Sputter Deposition
 Ion plating
 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)

19. Physical Vapor Deposition
– Thermal PVD
 Thermal PVD – also called Vacuum
Deposition
 Coating material (typically metal) is evaporated by
melting in a vacuum
 Substrate is usually heated for better bonding
 Deposition rate is increased though the use of a DC
current (substrate is the anode so it attracts the
coating material)
 Thin ~0.5 µm to as thick as 1 mm.

20. Physical Vapor Deposition –
Sputter Deposition
 Vacuum chamber is usually backfilled with Ar gas
 Chamber has high DC voltage (2,000-6,000 V)
 The Ar becomes a plasma and is used to target the
deposition material. The impact dislodges atoms from
the surface (sputtering), which are then deposited on
the substrate anode
 If the chamber is full of oxygen instead of Ar, then the
sputtered atoms will oxidize immediately and an oxide
will deposit (called reactive sputtering)

21. Physical Vapor Deposition
– Ion Plating
 Combination of thermal PVD and
sputtering
 Higher rate of evaporation and deposition
 TiN coating is made this way (Ar-N2
atmosphere)
 The gold looking coating on many cutting
tools to decrease the friction, increase the
hardness and wear resistance

22. Chemical Vapor
Deposition
 Deposition of a compound (or element) produced by a
vapor-phase reduction between a reactive element and
gas
 Produces by-products that must be removed from the process
as well
 Process typically done at elevated temps (~900ºC)
 Coating will crack upon cooling if large difference in thermal
coefficients of expansion
 Plasma CVD done at 300-700ºC (reaction is activated by
plasma)
 Typical for tool coatings
 Applications
 Diamond Coating, Carburizing, Nitriding, Chromizing,
Aluminizing and Siliconizing processes
 Semiconductor manufacturing

23. Organic Coatings - paint
 Enamels
 Form film primarily by solvent evaporation
 30 % Volatile Organic Content (VOC)
 Lacquers – solvent evaporation
 Water-base paints – water evaporation,
therefore much better
 Powder Coating – superior – more detail
to follow

24. Powder
Coating
 Fully formulated
paint ground into a
fine powder
 Powder is sprayed
onto part, retained by
static electricity
 Heat cured onto part
 Can virtually
eliminate VOCs

25. Teflon and dry lubricant
coatings
 Sprayed, dipped or
tumbled to coat,
followed by heating
to bond
 Key characteristics:
 Low friction coefficient
(0.02 – 0.08)
 Can sustain load of
250 ksi

26. Summary
 Don’t overlook coatings importance to
overall product performance
 Coating technology is very specialized –
get a couple of expert opinions before
committing