2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Content Slide
number
Present –ar, -er, -ir endings
3-4
Stem changers
5
Irregular “yo”
6
Saber vs. Conocer
7
Reflexives
8
“Se” impersonal
9
Dipthongs with accents
10
Verbs like -ger/-gir, -uir/-guir, -cer/-cir
11
Hace +____+ que +______
12
Imperfecto
13
Preterite 14-
3. PRESENT TENSE –AR/-ER/-IR
In the present tense for verbs ending in –ar
Person talked about Replaces -ar at the end
Yo o
Tú as
Él/Ella/Usted a
Nosotros amos
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes an
In the present tense for verbs ending in -er
Person talked about Replaces -er at the end
Yo o
Tú es
Él/Ella/Usted E
Nosotros emos
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes en
4. PRESENT TENSE –AR/-ER/-IR CONT’D
In the present tense for verbs ending in -ir
Person talked about Replaces -ei at the end
Yo o
Tú Es
Él/Ella/Usted E
Nosotros imos
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes en
5. STEM CHANGERS
Also called “Boot verbs” it changes in all but nosotros.
More than just the ending changes. The vowel in the stem
changes.
3 catergories. eie, o ue, and ei.
Common e ie verbs- Tener, Preferir
Common oue verbs- Dormir, Poder, Jugar
*Common ei verbs- Decir, Repetir, Servir.
* This stem change only happens in –Ir verbs!
6. IRREGULAR “YO” FORM
caber (to fit) yo quepo poner (to put, to place)yo
caer (to fall) yo caigo pongo
conducir (to drive) yo saber (to know something -
conduzco a fact)yo sé
conocer (to know,) yo salir (to leave)yo salgo
conozco seguir (to follow)yo sigo
escoger (to choose )yo traer (to bring)yo traigo
escojo valer (to be worth)yo valgo
dirigir (to direct) yo dirijo ver (to see)yo veo
hacer (to do, to make) yo
hago
7. SABER VS. CONOCER
When using saber it mean that you know a
fact or how to do something.
When using conocer it means you know a
person or are familiar with something.
8. REFLEXIVES
When refering to a person doing an action.
Person talked about Reflexive pronoun
Yo Me
Tú Te
Él/Ella/Usted Se
Nosotros Nos
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes Se
9. “SE” IMPERSONAL
When using an impersonal voice like “How
do you spell truck?” in Spanish you place
“se” in front to make it a general statements.
10. DIPTHONGS WITH ACCENTS
Here are some fairly common words that
include diphthongs : puerto, tierra, siete,
hay, cuida, ciudad, labio, hacia, paisano,
canción, Europa, aire.
11. VERBS LIKE GER/GIR, UIR/GUIR, CER/CIR
For verbs that end in ger/gir, In the first
person change the g to a j.
In guir verbs, in the yo form the gu changes
to g.
In uir verbs add a y before a, e and, o.
For cer/cir verbs, in the yo form, change the
c to a z.
12. HACE+ ______+QUE+_____
The second blank is to be filled with a verb in
either the present or preterite form.
The First Black is filled with an expression of
time
13. IMPERFECTO
A past tense form for events without a specific time.
For –er/-ir endings For –ar endings
Person talked about Replaces -ar at the Person talked Replaces -ar at the
end about end
Yo ía Yo aba
Tú Ías Tú abas
Él/Ella/Usted Ía Él/Ella/Usted aba
Nosotros Íamos Nosotros ábamos
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes ían Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes aban
Trigger words Irregulars
Trigger Words Translation Ser Ir Ver
a menudo Often Era iba Veía
A veces Sometimes
Eras Ibas Veías
Cada dia everyday
Era Iba Veía
Cada año Every year
Con frecuencia frequently éramos Íbamos Veíamos
generalmente Usually Erais Ibais Veíais
siempre always eran Iban veían
14. PRETERITE TENSE IRREGULARS
In irregular car,gar, zar verbs only the yo
form changes. Gar g to gu car c to qu
zar z to c
Spock Verbs Hacer
Ir/Ser Dar/Ver
Yo Fui D/V -i Hice
Tú Fuiste D/V –iste Hiciste
El/Ella/Usted Fue D/V –io Hizo
Nosotros Fuimos D/V –imos Hicimos
Ustedes/Ello Fueron D/V- ieron Hicieron
s /Ellas
16. PRETERITE IRREGULAR
In snake Verbs only the El/Ella/Usted form and Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes for changes
Snakeys verbs are also like this except the I in these forms changes to a y
Dormí Leí
Dormiste Leiste
Durmió Leyo
Dormimos Leimos
Durmieron leyeron
Snakes Snakeys
Preterite Trigger Words
el otro día the other day
el año pasado last year
Ayer yesterday
una vez once
Anoche last night
la semana pasada last week
17. COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
To form the comparisons of equality using adjectives or adverbs, use the following formula:
tan + adjective (adverb) + como
To form comparisons of equality with nouns, use the following formula:
tanto(-a,-os,-as) + noun + como
In Spanish, inequality is expressed by using one of the following formulae:
más (menos) + adjective + que
más (menos) + adverb + que
más (menos) + noun + que
The absolute superlative for adjectives has three possible forms.
muy + adjective
sumamente + adjective
adjective + ísimo (-a, -os, -as)
In Spanish, the relative superlative construction is similar to the comparative.
definite article + noun + más (menos) + adjective + de
18. FUTURO
The future tense is used to tell what "will"
happen, or what "shall" happen.
Regular verbs in the future tense are
conjugated by adding the following endings
to the infinitive form of the verb: -é, -ás, -á, -
emos, -éis, -án
19. FUTURO
Irregulars Trigger words
Decir Dir- Mañana
Haber Habr- Pasado mañana
Hacer Har- Año que viene
Poder Podr- Año proximo
Poner Pondr es un/ dos/tres horas
Querer Querr-
Saber Sabr-
Salir Saldr-
Tener Tendr-
Valer Valdr-
Venir Vendr-
21. FUTURE V. CONDITIONAL
Future tense is used when you could say “I
will” in english. Such as I will go to the
movies( Yo Iré a la cinema)
Conditional Is used when you would say
“Would, Should, or could”
22. POR V. PARA
Uses of por Uses of Para
Motion or general Destination…toward, in the
location…around through along by direction of,
Duration of an action…for Deadline or a specific time
during in in the future
Reason or motive for an action . . . Purpose or goal +
because of, on account of, on infinitive…. In order to
behalf of Purpose + noun… for,
Object of search used for
Means by which something is Recipient of
done… by, by way of, by means of something…for
Exchange or substitution…in Comparison with others or
exchange for an opinion… for, considering
Unit of measure…per, by In the employ of…for
23. POR V. PARA CONTD
Por
• Para
Through portal
• Destination
Location Paraguay
Portugal • Purpose Parasites
Time Porever stay in our body to
Cause of
stay alive
• To make an opinion
Porpoise
Paradon me
Exchange
export/ import
24. COMMANDS
Negative Tú Affirmative Tú
Used to tell family young people, or friends not to do Telling family, friends or young people to do a
a certain thing. certain thing.
Formed by taking the yo form of a verb and replacing Formed by using the third person singular
the o with –as for er and ir verbs and –es for ar verbs
Negative Usted Affirmative Usted
Used to tell older people or higher ranking Used to tell older people or higher ranking
people not to do something. people to do something.
Formed by taking the yo form and replacing the Formed by taking the yo form and replacing
o with a (Singular) or an (Plural) for eri and ir the o with a (Singular) or an (Plural) for eri and
verbs and e (Singular) or en (Plural) for ar verbs ir verbs and e (Singular) or en (Plural) for ar
verbs
25. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
This form is used when you say” He/She has…”
or “ I have…” or “We have been…..”
So combining the auxiliary verb has or have
with something done in the past.
Haber changes to he has ha hemos
Add ado to the end of ar verbs
And ido to the end of ir and er verbs
26. DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS
Object that receives the action
Me=me
You=te
Him, her or it= lo, la
We=nos
Them= los, las
I have the pen= La tengo
27. ADVERBS
Usually words that end in ly in english
ex.rapidly
Mente is added to the end of the feminine
form of the verb
Tall=altamente
Short=Bajamente
28. SUBJUNTIVE
Conjugated with opposite vowel
Used for WEDDING
W wish
Irregulars
Emotion Conducir conduzca
Doubt Decir Diga
Oir Oiga
Denial
Dar De
Impersonal expressions
Estar Este
Negation Ir Vaya
Guesses Saber Sepa
Ser Sea
Hacer Haya
29. “SE” IMPERSONAL
When using an impersonal voice like “How
do you spell truck?” in Spanish you place
“se” in front to make it a general statements.
30. PROGRESSIVES USING IR, ANDAR, AND SEGUIR
Ir+ present participle= is slowly but
surely___ing
Andar+present participle=is going
around____ing
Seguir+present participle= is still ____ing
