wheat origin,area , production , productivity and package of practice of wheat crop.

1. Wheat
• Origin
• Area, production and productivity
• Classification of wheat
• Growth stages
• Climatic requirement, soil requirement.
• Irrigation Schedule.
• Weed management, fertilizer management –
harvesting.

2. Introduction
 Scientific name – Triticum aestivum L
 Common name- kanak /Gehun
 Family----- Poaceae.
 Wheat is the 2nd important staple food crop in india.(1/3 food grain
production)
 Eaten in form of chapatis, Dalia ,halwa , bread ,flakes , biscuits etc.
 Nutritional importance.
 Protein contact (10-12%)
 Higher contact of niacin & thiamine.
 Gluten , essential for baking , provide structural frame work for spongy ,
cellular texture of bread .

3. Origin
 Origin..
According to De Candolle wheat was originated in the
valley of Euphrates and Tigris .
Vavilov believed that Durum wheat ----- Abyssinia
Soft wheat---------- Western
Pakistan, south Western Afghanistan & the southern parts of
mountainous Babshara.
Hexaploid wheat --- N-W of
Indian subcontinent.

4. Area, distribution & production
 (FAO—2018) (Anonymous 2017)
 Area world--- 225.62 m ha , India --- 31 m ha
 Production
 World- 749.50 m tonnes , India – 88.90 m tonnes
 Productivity World – 3322 kg/ha, India -- 3216 kg / ha.
Area ..1. Uttar pradesh 9.66 m ha ,Production1. UP-30.06
mt 2. Madhya Pradesh 6.03 m ha. 2. MP – 19.7 m t
3.Punjab-- 3.50 m ha. 3. Punjab-16.44m
t.
 Productivity – 1. Punjab – 4704 kg/ ha
2. Haryana- 4514 kg /ha
3.Rajasthan- 3175 kg/ ha
Wheat producing countries in the world are
China,India,United States,Russia and france.

5. Classification of wheat

6.  Economically important species.
 T. aestivum (Common bread wheat) most
important Hexaploid species. Occupies 90% wheat
area in country.
 T. durum (Durum or macaroni wheat) tetraploid
wheat , occupies 10% of the wheat area.
 T. dicocum ( Emmer wheat) grown in restricted
area of Gujarat , Maharashtra, AP, TN.
 T. Sphaerococcum ( Shot wheat/ Dwarf wheat)

7. Growth stages
1 Pre-establishment stage
 a.Pre-emergence (upto5DAS):Sprouting of seeds by giving rise to seminal roots and
coleoptiles.
 b.Emergence (6DAS):Appearance of coleoptiles from germinating seeds above the
soi surface.
2 Vegetative stage:
 a.Seedling(upto30DAS): plants establish larger root systems,
This stage may be further differentiated as oneleaf,twoleaves,threeleaves and four
Leafstages.
Crown root initiation (21-25DAS): coincides with three or four leaf stage in the
plant. At this stage the roots emerge from the crown disc.

9.  b. Tillering(35-45DAS): Plants develop crown and branch
out into tillers from thei base at soil surface.
 c.Jointing (65DAS): This is the stage at which the plants
start elongating when the nodes start developing above
the crown node.
3 Reproductive stage:
 a.Booting(75 DAS)uppermost leaf swells out into flag
holding the
Spike into it.
 b.Heading(85 DAS) The spikes start emerging out from the
flagleaf sheath at this stage.
 C.Flowering/Anthesis(95DAS)Anthesis of florets and
fertilization of ovaries take place at this stage.

10. 4 Post-Anthesis stage
 Grain filling (105-135 DAS):The ovaries,after
fertilization,start elongation into seeds or Ovules passing
through
 Milkstage(105 DAS),
 Soft dough stage(120 DAS) and
 Hard dough stagee(135DAS).
 Maturitystage:Colour of glumes changes and kernels
become fairly hard at this stage.There are two stages of
maturity i.e.
Physiological (140DAS) and harvestable
maturity(145DAS).

11. Climatic requirement.
 Wide adaptability– tropical and subtropical zones also in
temperate zones and far north.
 cultivate from sea level to 3300 m.
 It can tolerate severe cold and snow.
In India sown as rabi crop. (Autumn To Summer) The
temperature determine the duration of the Growing season.
which ranges from 100 days ---South.
. 145 days---North west.
180 days ---Hills.
Best wheat is produced in area favoured with cool, moist weather in major of the
growing season followed by dry , warm weather to enable grain to ripen properly.

12. Continue..
 Temperature
optimum T for ideal germination---( 20-25 ° C) but it can
germinate in T range of 3.5-35°C.
very high T during grain-ripening period result in grain
shrivelling.
high or low T or drought during heading and flowering are
harmful to wheat crop.
 Rainfall -- 25—150 cm /year.
 Humidity – (50-60%)

13. Soil-requirement
 Well drained loans and clay soils with good structure and
moderate water holding capacity are considered best for
growing wheat.
 Neutral in nature.
 Good crop of wheat can be grown in sandy loams and
black soil.
Heavy soil – good drainage , because wheat is sensitive
to water logging.

14. Field preparation.
 Wheat requires a well pulverized seed bed for good and
uniform germination.
 One deep ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing and
planking.
 A pre-sowing irritation should be given in field 5-7 days
before sowing.
Zero-tillage and minimal tillage sowing practice ( Zero-
tillage seeding –cum- fertilizer drill) – save time required for
bed preparation under rice-wheat rotation.

15. Sowing time
 Sown when average daily T – 20-22° C , which occurs
normally in Nov. ( 10-25th Nov. is considered as optimum
time of sowing)
 Under rainfed condition, last week of Oct to first week
of Nov is considered ideal time.
 Wheat is sown in Dec too. ( Only short duration
varieties should be sown)

16. Seed rate
 Varieties with medium size --- 100kg/ha ( 38 to 44 test
weight)
 Bold seeded varieties--- 125kg/ha ( 45 g test
weight)
 For late sowing , zero -tillage condition and mild salanity
condition, 25% higher seed rate (120-125kg)
 Wheat sown by dibbler , seed rate of 25-30 kg/ha is
sufficient.
Normal spacing ( 20 -22.5 cm ) between rows is
recommended.
Late sowing 15 to 18 cm should be adopted.

17. Methods of sowing
 Broadcasting: seed are broadcast and then covered. non
uniform distribution, poor germination, wastage of seeds.
 Behind the plough: kera and pora method.
kera = when seed is dropped by hands.
Pora = when seed is dropped through pora or nai or hazara (
Special attachment with local plough) seeds are dropped at a
depth of 5-6 cm & good germination.
 Drilling: seed is sown by seed drill or fertilizer-seed drill, with
the help of this implement seeds drop at uniform depth , gives
uniform germination.

18. Continue..
 Dibbling; It is a time consuming method , used in case
seed supply is limited. It is done by dibbler , a wooden or
iron frames with pegs .
 Zero-tillage technique. This is done by Zero-till –ferti-
seed-drill

19. Fertilizer requirement
 About 10 to 15 tonnes of well rotten FYM should be applied 4 to 6 week before
sowing.
 Under irrigated condition. 100-120kg N , 50-60 kg P2O5 , 60 kg K2O is
recommended.
Half dose of N and full dose of P ,K & Zn should be applied as basal dose.
Remaining N ,in two splits -- Ist top dressing at CRI ,2nd at booting stage.
20kg ZnSo4 / ha once in three years or 2-3 foliar spray of 0.5% ZnSo4.
 Under rainfed conditions. 60kg N ,30 kg P2O5 , 20kg K2O / ha is
recommended .
 In light soils, if the deficiency of N is observed then spary 2% urea at tillering
stage.

20. Irrigation management
 Generally 5-6 irrigations are applied to wheat crop in the absence of winter rainfall.
 The first Irrigation should be applied at CRI stage. (21-25 DAS).
 Irrigation at CRI should not be avoided in wheat Crop. Depending up on the irrigation
availability the following schedule should be followed.
 Available number of irrigations Irrigation application. (DAS)
 1 (at CRI) 21
 2. (at CRI & heading) 21,90
 3 (at CRI, jointing & milking) 21,70,105
 4 (at CRI , Tillering, heading & milking) 21,45, 90 ,105 ,
 5 (atCRI,Tillering,heading,milking & dough) 21,45,90,105,120
 6 (atCRI,Tillering,jointing,heading,milking & dough) 21,45,70,90,105,120
 In high water table areas,after pre-sowing irrigation only two irrigations at 25 and 85 DAS are
sufficient.

21. Weed Management
 Critical period of crop weed compitition is up to 35-40 DAS .
 Weeds reduce the grain yield of wheat by 10 to 50% depending upon
intensity and type of Weed .
 The major weeds of wheat are:
 (A)Grassyweeds: Phalaris minor, Avena ludoviciana, Poa annua Etc
 (B) Broadleaf weeds: Chenopodium album, Rumex dentatus, Melilotus indica,
Medicag denticulata,Anagallis arvensis,Vicia sativa,Lathyrus aphaca,Malva
parviflora,Chenopodiu Murale ,Convolvulus arvensis,Coronopus didymus,Fumaria
parviflora,Cirsium arvense and others.
 Integration of cultural,mechanical and chemical methods give good control of
weeds in wheat. Crop rotation with pulses,oil seeds and fodder crop and hoeing
after 35-40 DAS gives good control of weeds.

22. Continue.
 Grassy weeds – isoproturon , sulfosulfuron etc 30-35 DAS.
 Broadleaf weeds- 2,4-D Na salt , 2-4-D ester ,
metsulfuron-methyl ..
 Broad-sepctrum –Sulfosulfuron +metasulfuron (R.M)

23. Crop System
 Crop rotation
The rice-wheat, maize-wheat , sugarcane-wheat, cotton-wheat,
pearlmillet--wheat, sorghum wheat and jute-wheat, pulses-wheat are
common crop rotations of the country.
Development of short duration varieties of pigeon pea has made the
growing of wheat feasible after harvest of this crop.
 (central & peninsular India) In the black soils ,dryland wheat is rotated
with sorghum,pearl
 The growing of quick-maturing crops,viz greengram, onion,coriander
and even groundnut or early sown maize as catch crops befor wheat are
fairly common.
 In north-western India and in the foot-hill tarai areas of Uttar-
Pradesh,irrigated wheat is also grown as a companion crop between
rows of suugarcane and potato.

24. Continue..
 Mixed cropping
All over India,the growing of rainfed wheat mixed with
Chickpea,lentil,mustard,linseed,barley and safflower is
quitecommon.
Even under irrigate conditions a rows of mustard fo every
8 to 12 rows of wheat is a common practice.

25. Harvesting.
Wheat should be harvested when the leaves and stems turn yellow and dry.
right stage for harvesting is when moisture content in grain is about 25-30%.
How harvesting is done.!!
 Sickles.
 Bullock/tractor driven reapers.
After harvesting the crop by hand/reapers, it is dried for 3-4 days on the
threshing floor and then threshing is done by threshers.
 Combines are also available which can do harvesting,threshing and winnowing of
wheat in single operation.
 Yield; 40-55 q/ ha grain yield under irritated conditions
20-25 q/ ha grain yield under rainfed conditions.
moisture content ( 10-12% ) storage time.

26. Resource Conservation technologies (RCT)
 1.Laser land leveling: This is precursor resource
conservation technology that is must for the proper
implementation of other RCT’s This technology increases
productivity, increases area under crop,saves water and
other inputs enhances factor productivity and reduces
costs of production.
 2.Surface seeding: This RCT is specifically suited to diara
lands of eastern parts of Indi where soil remains wet after
rice harvesting.The technology requires no
tillage,broadcast dry or soaked seed.
 3 .Zero tillage ; Saves 90% fuel energy and time

27.  4 Bed planting; The Furrow Raised bed system (FIRBS)
accommodate 2-3 rows of wheat in raised bed with 37-40
cm between beds.
Save water = 40%
More yield = 2-3%
Seed rate = 80 kg / ha
end of the lesson 😋😉😉

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