This document provides an overview of biodiversity and classification of living organisms. It discusses that biodiversity refers to the variety of plant and animal species on Earth. Over 10 million species are estimated to exist, though only 1.7 million have been identified and described. Organisms show a vast range in size, from microscopic bacteria to the blue whale. Classification systems arrange organisms in a hierarchy of taxonomic ranks like kingdom, phylum, class etc. based on similarities and differences. The five kingdom system - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia - is commonly used for classification. Plantae is further divided into groups like algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gym

1. DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS
CLASS IX
Dr. MEETA GOKLANI

3. WHICH IS MORE DIVERSE?
A B

4. WHICH IS MORE DIVERSE?
A B

5. A B
Which has more cultural
diversity?

6. Which has more biodiversity?
A B

7. WHICH HAS MORE BIODIVERSITY?
A B

8. WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY?
 the variety of plant and animal life in the
world or in a particular habitat, a high level of
which is usually considered to be important
and desirable.

10. DIVERSITY IN PLANTS

11. DIVERSITY IN ANIMALS

12. BIODIVERSITY
 Biodiversity refers to all the diverse plants,
animals and micro organisms present on
earth.
 Biological diversity or biodiversity is the
occurrence of diverse or varied forms of
living beings which differ from one another in
external appearance, size, colour pattern,
internal structure, nutrition, behaviour,
habitat, etc.

13. RANGE IN SIZE
 microscopic bacteria, hardly a few
micrometers in size,
 Blue Whale (about 30 m in length)
 Redwood trees (Sequoia) of California
(about 100 m in height).

14.  some pine trees (e.g. Pinus) live for
thousands of years while many insects like
mosquitoes have a life span of a few days.
 There are transparent jelly fishes and worms
on one hand to brightly coloured birds and
flowers on the other hand.

15. It is estimated that there are at
least 10 million different species
of plants and animals living
today, but only 1.7 million have
been described so far
worldwide.

16. "BIODIVERSITY"
 Term Biodiversity was coined by " Walter G.
Rosen" in 1986.
 Megadiversity : The warm and humid
tropical regions of the earth between the
tropic of Capricorn and the tropic of Cancer,
are rich in diversity of plant and animal life.
This is called the region of "megadiversity".

17. REGION OF MEGADIVERSITY
 There are 12 megadiversity centres in the
world, which are rich in biodiversity.
 Countries are - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador,
Peru, Mexico, Zaire, Medagascar,
Australia, China, Indonesia,
Melaysia and India.

19. CLASSIFICATION
 Classification is the arrangement of
organisms into groups and subgroups on the
basis of their similarities and dissimilarities.

21. CLASSIFY SYMBOLS
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22. CLASSIFIED SYMBOLS
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23. TAXONOMY
 The science dealing with identification,
nomenclature and classification of organisms
is called taxonomy systematics.
Term "Taxonomy" was given by - A.P. de
Candolle
 Father of Modern Taxonomy - Carolus
Linnaeus .

24. IMPORTANCE OF CLASSIFICATION :
 The bewildering variety of life around us has
evolved on earth. In order to make relevant groups
to study, variety of life forms, we classify organism.
 Classification makes the study of different type of
organisms easy and systematic.
 From classification, we can know all life forms
together and as a whole.
 Classification reveals the inter-relationship among
organisms.
 It helps in understanding the other branches of life
sciences.

25. HIERARCHY IN INDIAN ARMY

26. HIERARCHY IN SCHOOL

27.  Hierarchy :- Hierachy is a system of
classification into which taxonomic
categories are arranged in descending
order.
 Category :- Plants and animals are ranked
in an arrangement of known categories.
Such as Kingdom, Phylum (for animals) or
Division (for plants), Class, Order, Family,
Genus and Species.

28. TAXON
 Taxon :- Taxon is defined as a unit of classification
of organisms which can be recognised to a definite
category at any level of classification e.g. fishes,
insects etc.
 Kingdom → Largest Group
 Phylum (for animals) / Division (for plants)
 Class
 Order
 Family
 Genus
 Species → Lowest group

29. CLASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTION
 Charles Darwin first described the idea of evolution in
1859 in his book, "The Origin of Species".
 Darwin suggested that organisms are related to each
other by descent. They had common ancestors from
which they gradually evolved into their present form.
 The ancestral forms were simple and are
called 'primitive' and primitive organisms have
evolved into advanced orgamisms which are more
complex.
 This process of gradual change from simple life forms
to complex life forms is called 'Evolution'.

30. NOMENCLATURE : (THE NAMING OF
ORGANISMS)
 Binomial Nomenclature : Binomial
nomenclature was proposed by Carolus
Linnaeus. According to his the name of any
organism consists of two words.
 The first word denoting the name
of 'genus' and second word
denoting 'species'.

31. FOR UNDERSTANDING
 In our Nomenclature we have
 Name Surname
 In Binomial Nomenclature (For Scientific
Naming of organisms)
 Genus species

32. RULES OF BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
 First letter of generic name must be written
in capital letter whereas species name is
started with small letter.
 Scientific name is generally derived
from Greek or Latin words.
 The binomial names are printed
in italics and underlined separately when
written.

33. EXAMPLES
 Potato - Solanum tuberosum
 Tiger - Panthera tigris
 Man - Homo sapiens

35. KINGDOM SYSTEMS
 1. Two Kingdom Classification
 2. Three Kingdom Classification
 3. Five Kingdom Classification

37. 2) BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING
ORGANISMS :-
Main characteristics which are considered for classification of
living organisms into different groups are :-
-Whether they are made of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.
-Whether the cells occur singly or they are grouped together and
live as an indivisible group.
- Whether they produce their own food by photosynthesis or get
their food from outside.
- Of the organisms which produce their own food (plants) what is
the level of organisation of their body ?
- Of the animals what is the level of organisation of their body
and what are their special organs and their functions ?

38. The characteristics used for classification
of plants will be different from the
characteristics used for classification of
animals because plants make their own
food and animals get their food from
outside.

39. CLASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTION :-
The present day complex living organisms
have evolved from the earlier simple
forms due to the changes in their body
designs over millions of years.
The body designs of living organisms are
gradually changing due to the changes in
environment and the need to adapt
themselves to the changes in the
environment.

40. Some groups of organisms having
ancient body designs have not changed
much during evolution and have simple
forms and structure. These organisms are
called ‘PRIMITIVE OR LOWER
ORGANISMS
Some organisms have acquired their
body designs relatively recently and have
complex forms and structure. These
organisms are called ‘ADVANCED OR
HIGHER ORGANISMS’.

41. 5) THE FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING
ORGANISMS :-
Organisms
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Unicellular Multicellular
Protista
With cell wall Without cell wall
Animalia
Do not perform
photosynthesis
Able to perform
photosynthesis
Fungi Plantae
Monera

42. KINGDOM MONERA
They are mostly
 prokaryotic
 unicellular,
 do not have a definite nucleus,
 may or may not have cell wall, and
 the mode of nutrition is autotrophic or
heterotrophic.
 Eg :- Bacteria, Blue-green algae,
Cyanobacteria, Mycoplasma etc.

43. I)MONERA :-
Bacteria
Blue-green algae
Cyanobacteria
Mycoplasma

44. KINGDOM PROTISTA
 They are eukaryotic,
 Unicellular,
 Mostly aquatic,
 Some have cilia or flagella which help
them in moving and
 The mode of nutrition may be
autotrophic or heterotrophic.
 Eg :- Algae, Diatoms, Protozoans etc.

45. PROTISTA :-
Algae
Protozoan
Diatoms

46. KINGDOM FUNGI
 They are eukaryotic,
 unicellular or multicellular.
 They do not have chlorophyll and cannot
prepare their own food and are
heterotrophs.
 They use decaying organic matter as food
and so are called saprophytes.
 Some of them live in association with
algae. They are called lichens.
 Eg :- Yeast, Aspergillus, Penicillium,
Agaricus, Lichens etc.

47. FUNGI :-
Yeast
Agaricus
Lichens

48. IV) PLANTE (PLANTS) :-
They are multicellular
• eukaryotes
•having cell walls.
•They use chlorophyll for
photosynthesis.
•All plants are included in this group.

49. CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS (PLANTAE) :-
Plants are divided into five groups. They
are :-
i) Thallophyta
ii) Bryophyta
iii) Pteridophyta
iv) Angiosperms
v) Gymnosperms

50. THALLOPHYTA :-
In this group ,the plants do not have well
differentiated body parts. The plants are called
ALGAE.
They are mostly AQUATIC.
Eg :- Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Cladophora, Chara etc.
Spirogyra Ulothrix Cladophora Chara

51. BRYOPHYTA
*In this group the plant body is
differentiated into stem and leaf like
structures but there are no specialized
structures for the conduction of water
and other substances from one part of
the plant body to the other.
*These plants are called the AMPHIBIANS
OF THE PLANT KINGDOM.
Eg :- Moss (Funaria), Marchantia, Riccia
etc.

52. BRYOPHYTES - AMPHIBIANS OF PLANT
KINGDOM
Amphibians are those organisms which live
on both land and in water.
Bryophytes are called amphibians of
the plant kingdom because these plants
though live in soil but they need water for
sexual reproduction.
The sperm of bryophyte (antherozoids) are
flagellate and need water to swim to the
eggs.

53. EXAMPLES OF BRYOPHYTES :-
Moss
Marchantia Riccia

54. GYMNOSPERMS
*The plants of this group bear naked seeds
(gymno – means naked and sperma
means seed).
*There is no flower and fruit.
*They are usually perinneal, evergreen and
woody.
Eg :- Pines (Pinus), Cycas etc.

55. EXAMPLES OF GYMNOSPERMS (CRYPTOGAMS)
Pines Cyca
s

57. ANGIOSPERMS- FLOWERING PLANTS
 The plants of this group bears covered
seeds (angio – means covered and
sperma – means seed).
 They are also called flowering plants.
 The plant embryo in the seed have
cotyledons.

58.  Angiosperms are divided into two groups
on the basis of the number of cotyledons.
 Plants with seeds having single cotyledon
are called MONOCOTS. Eg :- rice, wheat,
maize etc. green gram, peas, tamarind
etc.
 Plants with seeds having two cotyledons
are called DICOTS. Eg :- green gram,
peas, tamarind etc.

60. CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS
Plants
Do not have differentiated
body parts
Have differentiated
body parts
Thallophyta
Without vascular
tissue
Bryophyta
Bear naked seeds
Do not produce seeds
(Cryptogams)
Pteridophyta
Produce seeds
(Phanerogams)
Gymnosperms Angiosperms
Bear covered seeds
With vascular tissue
One cotyledon Two cotyledons
Monocots Dicots

61. ANIMALIA (ANIMALS)
All organisms are
Multicellular,
Eukaryotes,
Without chlorophyll and
Without cell walls.
They are heterotrophs.

62. THEY ARE DIVIDED INTO TEN GROUPS.
Porifera,
Coelenterata,
Platyhelminthes,
Nematoda,
Annelida,
Arthropoda,
Mollusca,
Echinodermata,
Protochordata, and
Vertebrata.

63. THANK YOU