1. EDU 453
SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION
______________________________________________________________________________________
PROJECT
GENDER INEQUALITIES IN HIGHER EDUCATION
PREPARED BY:
NUR SA’ADAH BINTI ARSAD 2013622772
NURUL LIANA BINTI MOHAMMAD TAIB 2013218496
SITI AMINAH BT HUBADILLAH 2013640704
ED2492B
PREPARED FOR:
DATIN SITI HAWA BINTI OTHMAN
______________________________________________________________________________________
MARCH 2014 – JULAI 2014

2. TABLE OF CONTENT
NO CONTENT PAGE
1 Introduction 1-2
2 Factor on Gender Inequalities 3-4
3 Impact on Gender Inequalities 5-6
4 How to Overcome on Gender Inequalities 7
5 Conclusion 8
6 Reference 9
7 Appendix 10-12

3. INTRODUCTION
The terrain of gender inequalities in education has seen much change in recent decades.
This project from us reviews the empirical research and theoretical perspectives on gender
inequalities in educational performance of part two (Group B) students’ of Bachelor Education
in Mathematics. This researched was translated to this paper and this report largely composed of
three parts. Which are the causes that may affect the inequality in classroom, the effects either it
is from a good or bad view and lastly, the ways to overcome the inequality in classroom. This
group of students consists of 25 girls out of 25 pupils in that class. There’s no boy at all.
Although there have been serious gains in ensuring that gender inequality does not occur
in the workplace (although this is far from solved in itself,) less attention has been placed to the
impact of such inequality in the classroom, particular among younger children. It has been
shown, however, that gender discrimination in the classroom can lead to a number of unfortunate
effects upon the learning abilities of both male and female children.
There are many types of gender inequality that can occur in a classroom, many of them
stemming from various stereotypes that people have about the ways in which boys and girls
perform in school. Such stereotypes fall into several groups. One of these groups relies upon
assumptions about the ways in which children of different genders learn. Proponents of this view
typically state that girls prefer to learn through cooperation rather than competition, and are thus
more likely to work well with others than boys.
Perhaps the strongest stereotype, however, is the one regarding what subjects are more
suited to a particular gender. Conventional wisdom states that boys are typically better at math
and science, while girls are typically better at the “communication” areas, such as English and
art. Again, a great deal of those assumptions have to do with the fact that most people assume
that, since boys favor competition, they are more likely to succeed in those areas where
cooperation is typically not as large a part of the work environment.
We should not forget that the large gaps between the education levels of women and men
in the early 1970's essentially disappeared for the younger generation. Females on average
outperform males in reading and writing, and take more credits in academic subjects. They are
more likely than males to attend college after high school, and are as likely to graduate with a

4. post-secondary degree. All of these accomplishments have accumulated with time and effort
from women that have made a difference. It has taken years to get to where we are, but how far
have we really come?
Seventy percent of illiterate people throughout the world are females. That is a
shockingly large amount of women that suffer the consequences of social stratification. Why are
women given the role of the caretaker and not the scholar? Why are only ten percent of women
in the world holding some type of legislative seat? Throughout history women have been brought
up to be mothers and have been forced to practice staying home taking care of their children.
According to history, women have only begun their battle with sexism. About one hundred years
ago women were still claimed as a man's property. They had no right to vote, they could not be
part of a jury and had no rights to property. Not too long ago in the nineteen fifties women could
not even own a credit card in their name. Where are we today? Has it really improved very
much?
I have left here a lot of question marks. The result and all the answers will be provided at
the next of this paper. All the results are based on what we have been observed before. We also
gave some questionnaires for our target to fulfill the missions of this research.

5. FACTORS ON GENDER INEQUALITIES IN HIGHER EDUCATION
Nowadays, the issues on the increasing number of female student in higher is become a
popular issues not only in education sector but also in other sector. In higher education, we can
see that there are gender inequalities. The number of female students in higher education is
higher than the number of male students. There are several factors that show why gender
inequalities in higher education issue will occur.
The decreasing of number of male students in institutions of higher education is due to
family problems. As we know, nowadays the cost of living is increasing. This causes many
families lack the ability to provide finance for their children's university education. Therefore,
most of the male students had to independently search for job opportunities to defray the cost of
the family. In addition, parents who think that girls should have careers that can allocate more
time with the family also contribute to this disparity. Daughters are encouraged to select a
character field academically. Therefore, it is not surprising that their numbers continue to
increase at the university. In short, the lack of a man in an institution is due to family problems.
Furthermore, attitude of the male students themselves were also one of the reasons that
causes the shortage of male students at the institution. Early studies found that the examination-
oriented education system more favorable to girls than boys. This is because the concept of
education requires hard work and enthusiasm high revise lessons. Men are not probably a
bookworms, but more comfortable developing talent and skills in practical self. They prefer to
study at community colleges such as National Youth Skills Institute and Vocational Institute
Mara (IKM), although further studies are actually qualified in IHL. In short, the problem of the
shortage of male students in institutions of higher learning are caused by the attitude of the boys
themselves.
In addition, the system meritocracy practiced over the years has also become the cause of
the shortage of male students in the institution. While there are suggestions that the quota system
was adopted to curb this phenomenon, but it is not the best move. Most HEIs allow male
students in the IHE on the ground to narrow the gap at the expense of the quality and interest.
This will destroy the image of the university as a graduate generators excellence and quality.
Excellence should inspire female students to male students for healthy competition. Girls should

6. not be disputed election that many female student in an institution. Finally, the implementation
of meritocracy has become one of the causes resulting in the lack of male students in the
institution.

7. THE IMPACTS ON GENDER INEQUALITIES IN HIGHER EDUCATION
The increasing number of female students in the universities selected than male students
had been saying. According to statistics by the end of 2008 issued by the Ministry of Higher
Education, about 60.39 percent are females and the rest are men. This phenomenon will certainly
have negative effects on society and the nation in the long terms.
Their inclusion in a further increase in the universities will produce more highly educated
women. With the knowledge available, women can enter the various markets work as lawyers,
engineers, doctors and others. Through the various professions they undertake, they can
contribute energy, ideas and time to the progress and development of the country. With inertia,
hardworking and high-bred, of course they are able to produce quality products and service to the
community. As a result, productivity and achievement will increase.
Higher educations also provide benefits to unmarried women, widows or single mothers.
For women who are not married, the income that they earn can be used as their saving or buy
basic necessities in life. The widow or single mother will take advantage of this to build their
family. As a result, difficulties that they arise will be resolved without the sympathy of others.
Obviously women can continue to live and serve the country, even when their status either
divorced, widowed or women who have not married.
In addition, women who work after being out of the university will be able to help him
and strengthen the economic position of the family. As we know, nowadays the cost of living is
increasing. For example rent, bills, car installment, school children and others. With his wife
working, all the problems and stress home not only to overcome but other needs also affordable.
In short, in addition to household saving, highly educated women may also serve the country.
However, this phenomenon is also give the negative impacts. One of which is a slow-
educated women marry or refuse to marry. Some women choose finance, on par with them.
Profession and a lot of money had made them forget the needs of the institution of marriage and
married life. Genesis marriage, divorce and abuse their desire to dissociate another man's wife.
This phenomenon can cause a variety of social ills such as prostitution Dear mistress and
cohabited. Furthermore, the country's desire to have 70 million people by the year 2100 is also
difficult to achieve.

8. Further negative impact is the changes roles between men and women. Women who are
well educated, of course will busy outside on the ground work. While the husband was probably
forced to sit at home every day to manage the household affairs such as washing, cooking and
babysitting situation could create a lot of misconceptions and negative public perception. The
wife does not respect their husband, while the husband remained humbly thickened. This can
certainly be prevented. Effort towards the establishment of a harmonious family unit.
Indeed, these new symptoms and effects lend greater problem to be are revealed in the
coming years. Therefore, efforts to increase male student said the universities should be
intensified in order to continue to be the male role in society fair.

9. WAYS TO OVERCOME THE GENDER INEQUALITIES ISSUES IN HIGHER
EDUCATION
On the other hand, appropriate measures should be implemented to overcome the
shortage in the number of male students in institutions of higher learning is through the role of
the institution. They should offer more courses preferred by male students. At present, most of
the men a fixed interest in learning. Therefore, the IPT should offer more courses are special and
can attract male students to continue their education institution. In addition, the IPT should not
only accept girls who are more skilled than their male counterparts. The IPT should also provide
an opportunity for boys who want to further their education institution. In short, the IPT has
played an important role in overcoming the lack of male students in the institution.
Government should also hold awareness campaigns for male students . The government
should hold talks at schools to encourage students to pursue their studies in universities. In this
way we are able to foster study hard and diligently among male students. With this, students can
compete in healthy male and female students in institutions of higher learning. Male students
should be aware that they will be looked down upon when they have more low educational level
of women. Thus, with a campaign and talks we can overcome this problem.
Not only that, offering a wide range of benefits and facilities to the boys would help
overcome the shortage of male students in the institution. Specials such as providing
scholarships, loans and shelter should be offered exclusively on boys. This could attract male
students continued their studies in institutions of higher learning. Offers scholarships and loans
to families may help finance the education of boys while studying at university. They do not
have to worry about the financial problems faced by their families. With this, the lack of students
in institutions of higher learning can be overcome. Therefore, this strategy is one of the effective
measures to overcome the problem of lack of enrollment in institutions of higher learning.

10. CONCLUSION
Seventy percent of illiterate people throughout the world are females. That is a
shockingly large amount of women that suffer the consequences of social stratification. Why are
women given the role of the caretaker and not the scholar? Why are only ten percent of women
in the world holding some type of legislative seat? Throughout history women have been brought
up to be mothers and have been forced to practice staying home taking care of their children.
According to history, women have only begun their battle with sexism. About one hundred years
ago women were still claimed as a man's property. They had no right to vote, they could not be
part of a jury and had no rights to property. Not too long ago in the nineteen fifties women could
not even own a credit card in their name. Where are we today? Has it really improved very
much?
As conclusion, Ministry in Higher Education should play important roles to attract more
male students to continue study in higher education. Ministry need to provide them a special and
benefits if they continue study such as providing scholarships, loans and shelter.
The government also plays important roles. The government should hold talks at
schools to encourage students to pursue their studies in universities. With this, students can
compete in healthy male and female students in institutions of higher learning. Male students
should be aware that they will be looked down upon when they have more low educational level
of women. Thus, with a campaign and talks we can overcome this problem.
So, the inequalities in higher education give many negative effects in our country. So, we
as citizen need to plays roles in this problem to trying solving it. Not only ourselves, parents and
people around us should plays their roles to attract more boys outside to continue their study.

11. REFERENCE
1. sf.oxfordjournals.org/content/75/4/1417.short
2. https://www.russellsage.org/publications/economic-inequality-and-higher-education
3. http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/degrees-of-inequality-how-the-politics-of-
higher-education-sabotaged-the-american-dream-by-suzanne-
mettler/2014/03/07/a7ecab1a-a2d7-11e3-a5fa-55f0c77bf39c_story.html
4. Degrees of Inequality: How the Politics of Higher Education Sabotaged the
American Dream by Suzanne Mettler
5. Degrees of inequality: Culture, class, and gender in American higher education by Ann.
L. Mullen

12. APPENDIX

13. Questionnaire
Name :
AGE :
GENDER : MALE
FEMALE
COURSE : EDUCATION
OTHER
Please tick ( / ) one for every question. Thank you for cooperation.
1. In your class, are they gender inequalities in class?
Yes No
2. Do female more than male students?
Yes No
3. For your opinion, what is the factors of male students in the classroom or university less than
female student?
Lack of attraction and interest to continue study
Financial problems
Family problems
Get a job to get money

14. 4. How to overcome this problem?
The role of Ministry of Higher Education
Provide more benefits to boy to continue study
Roles of parents
5. What your opinion of this problem and how to overcome this problem?
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