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1. UNIVERSIDAD TECNICA DE MACHALA
ACADEMIC UNIT OF CHEMICAL
SCIENCES AND HEALTH
MEDICINE SCHOOL
ENGLISH
GASTRODUODENAL
TUMORS
STUDENTS
William Cruz
Kevin Herrera
Jorge Pacheco
Angie Chamba
Sonia Quijilema
TEACHER:
Mgs. Barreto Huilcapi Lina Maribel
CLASS:
EIGHTH SEMESTER ‘’A’’
Machala, El Oro
2018

2. Gastroduodenal Tumors
Definition
The gastrointestinal tract is part of the digestive system of the body. It helps to digest food
and absorbs nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins and water) from
food so that the body can use them. The gastrointestinal tract is made up of the following
organs:
 Stomach.
 Small intestine.
 Large intestine (colon).
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) can be malignant (cancerous) or benign (non-
cancerous). They are more common in the stomach and small intestine, but they are found
anywhere in or near the gastrointestinal tract. Some scientists believe that GIST start in
cells called interstitial cells of Cajal (CIC) of the gastrointestinal tract wall.

3. Etiology
Anything that increases the likelihood of getting sick is called a risk factor. The presence of
a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer; But the absence of risk factors does not
mean that you will not get cancer. Check with your doctor if you think you are at risk.
The genes of the cells have the hereditary information that a person receives from their
parents. The risk of GIST increases in people who have an inherited mutation (change) in a
given gene. In rare cases, TEGI is found in several members of the same family.
GIST can be part of a genetic syndrome, but this is rare. A genetic syndrome is a set of
symptoms or conditions that occur together and whose usual cause are abnormal genes. The
following genetic syndromes were related to GIST:
 Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1).
 Carney's triad.
Signs and symptoms
GIST and other conditions cause these and other signs and symptoms:
 Blood (bright red or very dark) in fecal matter or vomit.
 Pain in the abdomen that can be intense.
 Feeling very tired.
 Difficulty or pain when swallowing
 Feeling full after eating very little food.
Diagnosis
The following tests and procedures can be used:
Physical exam and history: body exam to check the general state of health, and identify any
signs of disease, such as masses or anything else that seems abnormal. Patient data is also
taken on health habits and the history of diseases and treatments.
Computed tomography (CT): a procedure that takes a series of detailed images of the inside
of the body from different angles. The images are created with a computer connected to an
x-ray machine. A dye is injected into a vein or swallowed so that the organs or tissues stand
out more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized axial
tomography (CAT) or CT scan.

4. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): A procedure that uses a magnet, radio waves, and a
computer to create a series of detailed images of areas inside the body. This procedure is
also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Endoscopic ultrasound and biopsy: endoscopy and ultrasound are used to produce an image
of the gastrointestinal tract and then a biopsy is performed. An endoscope (a thin tube
resembling an instrument with light and a lens for observation) is inserted through the
mouth and into the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine. A probe placed
at the end of the endoscope is used to bounce high-energy (ultrasonic) sound waves off
tissues or internal organs and create echoes. The echoes form an image of the tissues of the
body called ecography. This procedure is also called endoechography. The doctor, guided
by the ultrasound, extracts tissue through a thin, hollow needle. A pathologist observes the
tissue under a microscope to determine if there are cancer cells.
If a cancer is found, the following tests may be done to study the cancer cells:
Immunohistochemical test: test to identify certain antigens in a tissue sample by the use of
antibodies. Usually, the antibody binds to a radioactive substance or a dye so that the cells
light up under the microscope. This type of test is used to determine the difference between
different types of cancer.
Mitotic rate: measurement of the speed at which cancer cells multiply and grow. The
mitotic rate is determined by counting the cells that multiply in a sample of cancerous
tissue.
Treatment
Treatment depends on the clinical situation
of the patient (performance status) as of the stage, histological type and location of the
tumor. Surgical resection is the only potentially curative treatment for advanced GA. In
addition, it provides the most effective palliation of the symptoms. Therefore, surgical
treatment should be offered to most patients. However, if there is plastic linitis, metastatic
disease, retroperitoneal invasion or the patient suffers from serious diseases, the prognosis
worsens significantly, which questions the benefit of the surgery. In U.S.A. and Europe, the
average resectability rate is 50%, and only in half of these cases can a gastrectomy with
pretension be performed curative.

5. The extent of gastric resection is controversial. In general, proximal gastric cancer should
be treated by total gastrectomy. However, it is considered appropriate to perform a subtotal
gastrectomy in an early tumor or T2 if its proximal margin is more than 2 cm from the
cardia. In the assumption that the tumor is more infiltrating, the tumor must be at a distance
of 5 cm from the cardia in order to perform a subtotal resection. It is recommended to
perform a total gastrectomy if the distance to the cardia is less than 5 cm or the tumor is
diffuse and infiltrates the submucosa. In the distal AG (antral), subtotal gastrectomy should
be the treatment of choice, since it is associated with a better nutritional capacity and a
higher quality of life. Limited gastric resections are only indicated for palliative purposes or
in very old people.
Prevention
Screening programs are effective in identifying the disease in the early stages in parts of the
world where the risk of gastric cancer is much higher than in the United States. The values
of screenings in the United States and in other countries with much lower rates of gastric
cancer is unclear.
The following may help reduce the risk of gastric cancer:
 No Smoking.
 Eat a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables.
 Take medications to treat reflux disease (heartburn), if it occurs.
 Take antibiotics if you are diagnosed with H. pylori infection.
Bibliography
 Lee, Hoo-Yeon and others. Comparing upper gastrointestinal X-ray and endoscopy
for gastric cancer diagnosis in Korea. World J (2): 245-250.
 Leung, Wai K and others. Screening for gastric cancer in Asia: current evidence and
practice. Oncology: vole 9: march 2008: 279-287
 Park, Mi-Suk and others. Scirrhous gastric carcinoma: endoscopy versus upper
gastrointestinal radiography. Radiology: volume 235: number 2-May 2004. 421-
426