LING 100 - Phonology Review and Morphological Analysis

Introduction
Review: Phonemes and Allophones
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
Phonological and Morphological Analysis
LING 100 2013W: Tutorial T02/T04
Meagan Louie
2013-10-18
Meagan Louie Morphophonology

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
Core Subdomains: Phonology and Morphology
Linguistics: The study of Language
Phonetics
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
Pragmatics

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
Underlying and Surface Forms
Phonological Constituents: Syllables, Feet and Words
Review: Allophones or Phonemes?
We’ll often ask the question:
”Are [x] and [X] distinct phonemes, or allophones of the same
phoneme?”

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
phoneme?”
This is a shorthand, and somewhat misleading - it should really be:
”Are [x] and [X] allophones of distinct phonemes, or allophones of
the same phoneme.”

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
phoneme?”
This is a shorthand, and somewhat misleading - it should really be:
”Are [x] and [X] allophones of distinct phonemes, or allophones of
the same phoneme.”
Why?

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
Q: When do you use [x] and when do you use /x/ ?
1Where we allow for a trivial sequence with a single term/member , eg., [x] and /x/

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
The angled slashes are for (sequences of) phonemes, the square
brackets are for (sequences) allophones.1

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
The angled slashes are for the underlying form, the square
brackets are for the surface form.

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
The angled slashes are for the underlying form, the square
brackets are for the surface form.
What does that mean?

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
Review: Distinct Phonemes or Allophones of the same
Phoneme?
Let’s say you found two sounds that are in complementary distribution:

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
Phoneme?
You can create a rule (or rules) that accounts for the complementary
distribution

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
Phoneme?
distribution
EXAMPLE RULES: for Canadian Raising

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
Phoneme?
distribution
A1: X → Y / C[-voice]

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
Phoneme?
distribution
A2: Y → X / C[+voice]
Y → X / V
Y → X / #

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
Phoneme?
distribution
Y → X / V
Y → X / #
A1 and A2 diﬀer in what the underlying phoneme is (X or Y)

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
Phoneme?
distribution
Y → X / V
Y → X / #
A1 and A2 diﬀer in what the underlying phoneme is (X or Y)
Fewer rules is better! (easier for a child to learn. And the TA to
mark.)

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
Underlying Forms: Beyond segments
Phonological rules take you from the underlying form to a surface form
eg.,
Rule 1: C[+voice] → C[-voice] / ]word
2
Rule 2: aw→2w/ C[-voice, -nasal]
Rule 3: ∅ → t / σ[
2Word boundaries can also be indicated with a #

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
eg.,
2
Rule 3: ∅ → t / σ[
/tawn/ → [tawn
˚
]

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
eg.,
2
Rule 3: ∅ → t / σ[
/tawn/ → [tawn
˚
]
/bawd/ → [b2wt]

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
eg.,
2
Rule 3: ∅ → t / σ[
/tawn/ → [tawn
˚
]
/bawd/ → [b2wt]
/awb/ → [t2wp]

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
eg.,
2
Rule 3: ∅ → t / σ[
/tawn/ → [tawn
˚
]
/bawd/ → [b2wt]
/awb/ → [t2wp]
A single underlying morpheme can have several surface allomorphs
(depending on the morpheme’s environment)

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
Turkish Allomorphy Problem Set
(Archibald & O’Grady 2004)
1. What are the allomorphs for the morpheme meaning ’in/at’?
2. What conditions their distribution?
(1) a. lokanta ’a restaurant’
b. kap1 ’a door’
c. reandevu ’an appointment’
d. baS ’a head’
e. kitap ’a book’
f. koltuk ’an armchair’
g. taraf ’a side’
(2) a. lokantada ’in/at a restaurant’
b. kap1da ’in/at a door’
c. reandevuda ’’in/at an appointment’
d. baSta ’in/at a head’
e. kitapta ’in/at a book’
f. koltukta ’in/at an armchair’
g. tarafta ’in/at a side’

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
Underlying Forms: English Accents
Two derivations:
”writer” /ôaj.t@ô/
Canadian Raising:
a → 2 / C[-voice]
/ô2j.t@ô/
Intervocalic Flapping:
t → R / V V[-stress]
/ô2j.R@ô/
[ô2j.R@ô]
”writer” /ôaj.t@ô/
Aspiration:
t → th
/ôaj.th
@ô/
R-loss:
ô → ∅ / ]word
/ôaj.th
@/
[ôaj.th
@]

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
Notice that rules don’t just make reference to single segments...
R1: C[+voice] → C[-voice] / ]word
R2: aw→2w/ C[-voice, -nasal]
R3: ∅ → t /σ[

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
Notice that rules don’t just make reference to single segments...
R1: C[+voice] → C[-voice] / ]word
R2: aw→2w/ C[-voice, -nasal]
R3: ∅ → t /σ[
...they can also talk about word, and foot, and syllable boundaries.

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
Phonological Constituents
Phonological (and morphological) rules are sensitive to phonological
domains
Eg., some rules only apply if the segments involved are within the same
word, or within the same foot, or within the same syllable, etc.
This means that the theory needs to posit things like syllables, feet,
words, etc., for the phonological rules to refer to.

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
Syllable Structure
σ
Onset Rhyme
Nucleus Coda
1. Identify the nucleus (usually a vowel).
2. Every consonant after the nucleus forms part of the coda
3. Every consonant before the nucleus forms part of the onset

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
Syllable Structure
General Syllabiﬁcation Processes:
1. Minimize codas (i.e., CV syllables preferred over CVC syllables)
2. Maximize onsets (i.e., CV syllables preferred over V syllables)
3. Abide by the Sonorance Hierarchy!

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
The Role of the Sonority Hierarchy
The Sonority Hierarchy (Guideline for Syllabiﬁcation)
In terms of sonority, syllables should peak at the nucleus

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
Samoan Problem Set
(3) a. mate ’he dies’
b. nofo ’he stays’
c. galue ’he works’
d. tanu ’he buries’
e. alofa ’he loves’
f. taoto ’he lies’
g. atamaPi ’he is intelligent’
(4) a. mamate ’they die’
b. nonofo ’they stay’
c. galulue ’they work’
d. tatanu ’they bury’
e. alolofa ’they love’
f. taooto ’they lie’
g. atamamaPi ’they are intelligent’
1. What morphological process expresses singular/plural?
2. Describe how it works.
3. If [malosi] means ’he is strong,’ what is ’they are strong’?

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
Deﬁnitions
Urban Dictionary
More Exercises
Word Formation Processes
Coinage: Invention of a totally new term,
eg., aspirin, zipper, vaseline
Compounding: Joining two separate words into a single form,
eg., ﬁngerprint, picture book, wallpaper
Blending: Joining two separate words into a single form, but only
taking parts of the component words,
eg., brunch, smog, chunnel
Conversion: Changing the category of an existing word (without
derivational morphology) to form a new word
eg., bottling, buttering, vacationing, verbing

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
Deﬁnitions
Urban Dictionary
More Exercises
Word Formation Processes
Borrowing: Taking words from other languages,
eg., croissant, pretzel, tycoon
Calque: Taking words from other languages, via direct translation
eg., gratte-ciel, perros calientes
Clipping: Taking a multisyllabic word, and reducing it to a form
with fewer syllables
eg., fax, pub, phone, plane
Backformation: When an single-morphemic form is reinterpreted
as consisting of several morphemes, and a new form is produced by
”removing” one of these morphemes.
eg.emote, enthuse, liase, babysit

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
Deﬁnitions
Urban Dictionary
More Exercises
Identify the Word-Formation Process: Urban Dictionary

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
Definitions
Urban Dictionary
More Exercises
Identify the Word-Formation Process: Urban Dictionary
thriftster
An off-shoot (or sub-culture) of the general hipster trend, but while most
contemporary hipsters attempt to buy indie flavor by frequenting Urban
Outfitters or American Apparel, a ”thriftster” alternatively obtains said
style by frequenting thrift stores or through general use of
hand-me-downs. While shopping at the Salvation Army may have been
included in the original definition of a ”hipster,” now that mainstream
commercialism has caught onto the hipster fashion trends, the term
”thriftster” must be adopted to differentiate those who appreciate used
clothing and the ideals that come along with it from the ever-increasing
group of trendy 20 and 30-somethings who are content to buy the
massed-produced version of this clothing without asking how it got to be
there in the first place.

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
Deﬁnitions
Urban Dictionary
More Exercises
Identify the Word-Formation Process
1. automation → automate
2. humid → humidiﬁer
3. information, entertainment → infotainment
4. PROgress → proGRESS
5. typographical error → typo
6. act → deactivate

Introduction
Syllable Structure
Word Formation I
Definitions
Urban Dictionary
More Exercises
Identify the Word-Formation Process
1. perambulator → pram
2. beef, buffalo → beefalo
3. random access memory → RAM
4. influenza → flu
5. combN → combV

LING 100 - Phonology Review and Morphological Analysis

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