1. PRECOLONIAL PERIOD:
THE TRADITIONALIST GROUP OF MNDANAO

2. THE TRADITIONALIST GROUP OF MINDANAO
 second largest island in the Philippine Island
 "The Land of Promise"
 animist beliefs are still clung to—Davao and
Cotabato
 delegations of dancers from certain remote
regions would come down to so-called
"Tribalfests“—display dances, rituals,
musicmaking and other skills

3. THE TRADITIONALIST GROUP OF MINDANAO
 dancer's physique (movements are
localized), serves to aid in identifying the people
behind the dance
among certain groups:
* Bagobo/Mandaya - focused on foot movements
* Manobos - stress on freer and more complex
movements of arms
* non-Christian (Pangalay) - most sophisticated
and complex of arm-and-upper-body movements

4. BAGOBO
 one of the principal non-Christian groups of the
Davao Provinces of Mindanao
 synonyms for the term Bagobo:
* Guianga * Tigdapaya
* Guanga * Eto
* Gulanga
 live to the west and the northwest of Davao
Gulf

5. BAGOBO
 neighbors living between Sarangani Bay and the
western shore of the Gulf of Davao:
* Kulaman * Bilaan
* Tagakaolo * Ata
 also found southern Bukidnon and in northeastern
Cotabato
 highest dream of every young male Bagobo was to
attain the distinction of becoming a bagani
(warrior, one who has disposed of more than one
enemy)

6. BAGOBO (RELIGION)
 need to offer sacrifice
 20th century, eluding authorities, Bagobo has—
once in a blue moon—manage to make the
traditional human sacrifice of a slave in Pag-
huaga rite, most important among the rituals of
the Ginum, it being held to satisfy the Pamulak
Manobo, god of life and death, and other
deities

7. MANOBO
 were the original settlers of Mindanao - Manobo
languages are distributed over a vast region
including Cotabato, Bukidnon, Davao, Agusan,
Surigao, and Camiguin Islands (accdg. to the late
anthropologist Dr. Frank Lynch and linguist Dr.
Richard Elkins)
 practice ancestor-worship and are polytheistic;
have an ancient and rich ethnic cultural
background: chanting, playing musical instrument
(drum, gong, nose-flute, stampers, Jew's harp,
budlong)

8. MANOBO
 listed in the map of the Filipino People, published by the
National Museum of the Philippines, Manila, 1974, are
the ff. subgroups of Manobo:
*Agusan-Surigao *Ata *Banwaon
*Bliy *Bukidnon *Cotabato
*Dibabawon *Higaonon *Hianen
*Kulamanen *Manuvu/Obo *Matigsalug
*Rajah Kabungsuan *Sarangani *Tagabawa
*Tasaday *Tigwa *Umayamnon
*western Bukidnon

9. MANOBO (DANCES)
 marked by mimicry and symbolism
 mimetic dances found by Garvan were always
performed exclusively by men:
* bathing dance * apian dance
* dagger dance for two men * depilation or
sexual dance
 war dance unfolded to the rhythm of the drums
which were played with remarkable velocity by 2
players, one stationed at each end

10. MANOBO (DANCES)
 warriors believe that they are under the special
protection of the war-god Tag-Busan
 principal beat in the social dance is dactyllic
 principal musical instruments are the guimbal
and agong

11. MANOBO (RELIGION)
 gods worshipped: North (Domalongdong), South
(Ongli), East (Tagolambong), West (Magbabaya)
 religious dances were at one time performed
exclusively by the priests or priestesses
 religious dance done exclusively by male and
female priests (baylan)
 religious dances may be followed by social and/or
mimetic dances, and by the chanting by the baylan
of certain legends

12. TAGAKAULO
 were seen by Fay Cooper Cole only one, but he
mentions them as being recognized as a distinct
ethnic unit by the Jesuits
 inhabited a part of the Davao seacost area
bordering the Davaoy Gulf and extending from
Casilaran Cove to a little below the Lais River
 were represented at Davao City's Tribalfest '76,
and that of '78 were part of the group brought over
by the Panamin to perform in the FAT's Festival
'78

13. TAGAKAULO
 "pagan“—singing of the Alimocon bird is taken as a bad
omen
 Origin of the term Tagakaulo by Rajah Carlito Buntas
- tagakaulo were once the most dangerous tribe in
Southern Davao, in the center of upper Malita called
Kalatagan
 Accdg to Datu Macatuno:
 - the name Taga-ulo was derived from the equivalent of
'executioner'
 - another explanation, tagakaulo means " inhabitants of
the headwaters"

14. MANSAKA
 ethnically related to the Mandayas
 tribal group of Mansaka live in the hills of
Barrio Masara, Maco, Davao del Norte
 has not reached the level of the cultural
development of the Filipino Muslim
 lived peacefully , hunting game, planting a little

15. MANSAKA (DANCES)
 characterized by the rhythmic movement of the
knees, feet, arms, and hands
 musical instruments used are two-stringed
guitar fashioned from woods, flute, and drums
of deerskin

16. MANDAYA
 man "people", daya "up the river"
 inhabit the Mindanao east coast along the
upper Agusan River
 Dean C. Worcester found them to be fine-
looking and light in color, fully clothed, skillful
metal-workers who fashioned artistic circular
plates of silver ornamented with geometric
patterns, which plates they often used for
personal adornment

17. MANDAYA
 have been known to be enthusiastic slave-
takers and obdurate fighters
 Shona Mactavish: " their movements appeared
to have adapted something of the fierce beauty
of the CalouEagle"

18. T’BOLI
 also referred to as Tagabili
 a minority national group which is
compararively sophistictes in language, dress,
and mythology
 deity of the T’boli are either benefecient or
harmful
 legend : first man and the first woman were
formed from clay by Hiyuwe (goddess of good),
and Sidakwe (goddess of evil)

19. T’BOLI
 Rev. Father Gabriel Casal, O. S. B who has done
extensive research into T’boli culture, finds the
T’boli to be light of build and thoroughly
Malayan in features, without any trace of the
Chinese strain
 reports: “the most beautiful of brown eyes is
commonlace among T’boli women and
children—often enough being the limpdity of
honey against the sunlight”

20. T’BOLI
 only men practice sacrificaton, and they do so
as a means of proving their courage
 traditional T’boli cloth—deep reddish brown,
white, and black—adds a fascinating touch to
the appearance of a T’boli
 Believe that all objects house a spirit, whose
good will they curry

21. T’BOLI
 Casal concludes that the T’boli religion
permeates the T’boli’s whole life, and also
imprisons him through its iron grip of
conservatism while, at the same time, giving
his life a unified meaning—and of this spiritual
orientation
 Casal states: “it might well be the factor that
has preserved the tribe’s identity through the
centuries.”

22. T’BOLI
 at a Panamin-organized performance at the
CCP sometime in 1975 sponsored by ADB and
witnessed by this author, the ff T’boli numbers
were shown:
 T’boli Horsefight Drum Rhythms
 T’boli Bird-Dance
 T’boli Monkey Dance
 T’boli Festival Dance

23. BILAAN
 are to be found in Southern Cotabato, and also
in Davao
 said to belong to the same ethnic group as the
Manobos, Tagabilis, and Kalayans
 other synonyms of Bilaan:
 Vilanes
 Balud
 Tumarao

24. BILAAN
 believe that they are creatures of Melu, the
creator
 believe that, originally there were only two
beings in the universe: Melu (creator) and Tau
Dalona Tana

25. BILAAN
 anthropologists suspect that the Bilaans were
among the first of ancestral Indonesians who
migrated to the Philippines some 5000-6000
years ago, and that they then settled on the
wide Koronadal Valley, where they classify and
identify themselves as:
 Tagalagad Biraan Bilan
 Tagakogon Baraan
 Buluanes Bilaan

26. BILAAN
 small but agile
 semi-nomadic and still practice a form of barter
using gongs, swords, krises, and agricultural
products as the media of exchange
 type of clothing is similar to that of the Bagobo
 women’s skirt is of hemp, and they were a
comb of bamboo or rattan splints
 kinds of dances were full of graceful play and
ploy

27. BUKIDNON
 mountain people
 live in the Visayan uplands of Aklan and
southeastern Negros, as well as in the
mountains of Cagayan de Oro and Bukidnon in
Mindanao
 believed to be descendants of Visayanswho
had formerly inter-married with Negritos
 believe in aswangs

28. BUKIDNON
 male Bukidnons are expert hunters, fishermen,
and blacksmiths
 female Bukidnons attend to the household
chores
 2 dances-of-offering from Bukidnon:
 Inahaw
 Dugso

29. TIRURAY
 live in the deep forests of northwest Cotabato in
southwestern Mindanao, and south of the
Cotabato River
 composed or, relative to their respective
environments: coastal, reverine, and mountain
groups
 linked to Maguindanaos
 legend: Tirurays and the Maguindanaosoriginally
had but one set of parents, and that said first
parents had two sons

30. SUBANON
 so-called because they live along riverbanks
and streams
 Live in Zamboanga and in Misamis Occidental
 anitos or spirits are worshipped and contacted
by the Subanons during such times as th
occurrence of illness of poor harvests

31. SUBANON
 deities that they worship:
 Tagma-sa-dugat (lord of sea)
 Tagma-sa-yuta (lord of earth)
 Tagma-sa-mga-bugund (lord of woods)
 Tagma-sa-saguit (lord protector of the sick)