This topic presents a lot of information about the recent advances in p use efficiency such as zeolites, polymer technology, and nano-fertilizers.

2. Name of the student : Mr. MARUTHI N.G
Registration No. : 017/097
Degree : M.Sc. (Agri.)
Year of admission : 2017- 2018
Centre of PG
education
:
Post Graduate Institute, MPKV
Rahuri
Department &
Discipline
:
Soil Science and Agril.
Chemistry

3. SEMINAR TOPIC

4. • Phosphorus is an essential, irreplaceable part
(element) of every living cell, both plant and
animal. Plants take up large amounts of P from
the soil solution as phosphate ions, principally,
H2PO4
-, but the concentration in the soil solution
is very small, typically 10-5 M, so there must be a
supply of readily-available P in the soil to
maintain this concentration as P is taken up by the
roots. Much of the P in the crop is removed in the
harvested produce and phosphate fertilizers must
replace that P.

5. • Phosphate rock (PR), the ore from which P
fertilizers are made is a limited, non-renewable
resource. About 80% of the PR ore mined
annually is used to make P fertilizer. Its long-
term supply is crucial to world food
production.

7. Nutrient Efficiency (%) Cause of low
efficiency
Nitrogen 30-50 Immobiloization,
volatilization,
denitrification, leaching
phosphorous 15-20 Fixation in soil Al-P,
Fe-P, Ca-P
sulphur 8-10 Immobilization,
leaching with water
Micronutrient (Zn,
Fe, Cu, Mn, B)
1-2 Fixation in soil

8. Reasons for low P use efficiency
• Fixation
• Imbalance in nutrition
• Soil chemistry: pH

9. Improving fertilizer P efficiency
• When fertilizer P is applied to the soil it is incorporated into,
and moves within, the four pools described in Figure. Less
than 25% of the freshly applied fertilizer becomes plant
available (i.e. part of Pools 1 and 2) with the balance becoming
part of Pools 3 and 4. The distribution of the freshly applied P
between the pools and how readily it becomes available to the
growing crop is influenced by how the fertilizer is managed.

10. • Improvement of fertilizer P use efficiency and
effectiveness is best achieved through the
implementation of best management practices
(BMPs) within the context of 4R Nutrient
Steward-ship (IFA, 2009)

11. Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates, compositionally
similar to clay minerals, but differing in their well
defined three-dimensional, nano and micro porous
structure.
Zeolites have a porous structure that can accommodate
a wide variety of cations, such as Na+, K+, Ca2+
Mg2+ and others.
INTRODUCTION
Definition
A zeolite mineral is a crystalline substance with a
structure characterized by a framework of linked
tetrahedra, each consisting of 4 oxygen atoms
surrounding a cation. This framework consists of open
cavities in the form of channels and cages. These are
usually occupied by H2O molecules and extra frame
work cations that are commonly exchangeable.
ZEOLITE

12. Alex Fredrik Cronstedt
He called those materials zeolite from the greek word meaning
boiling stones due to its ability to froth when heated to above
2000c.
Identification of zeolite as a
mineral goes back in 1756
Collected crystal from the
Cu mine in Sweden
Upon Rapidly heating
produces large amount of
steam from water which is
absorbed by the material
Origin of Zeolite

13. • Found in volcanic rocks for a period of 200 years.
• Natural zeolites form when volcanic rocks and ash
layers reacts with alkaline ground water.
• Found as secondary minerals in the Deccan basalt of
the western Ghats in Maharashtra.
• Vertisols contain lot of Zeolites 77.2–81.0 mg per kg
(Pal, 2003)
• Japanese farmers have used zeolite rock for years to
control the moisture content and offensive odour of
animal wastes and to increase the pH of acidic
volcanic soils (Bernardi et al., 2014.)
History and Occurrence of Zeolites

14. Effect of Zeolites on Soil Quality, Plant Growth and Nutrient
Uptake Efficiency in Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.)
Ramesh et al.,
(2015)
Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariyam,
Thiruvananthapuram , Kerala, India

15. Initial characteristics of soil, fly ash zeolite and
commercial zeolite used in the study
Parameter Soil FAZ CZ
Texture Sandy loam - -
pH 5.15 6.68 7.96
CEC (cmol kg-1) 11.9 254.1 408.5
Na (g kg-1) - 27.2 98.6
Bulk density
(Mg m-3)
1.67 1.01 nd
WHC (%) 37.1 48.7 nd

16. Materials and Methods
It is a Pot culture experiment
• T1 - Control
• T2 - fly ash zeolites (1%, F1)
• T3 - fly ash zeolites (2%, F2),
• T4 - commercial zeolite 1% (CZ)
• T5 - potassium impregnated in 1% commercial zeolite 4A
(KCZ)
• T6 - zinc impregnated in 1% commercial zeolite (ZnCZ).
with 3 replications

17. Table -1 Effect of zeolites on tuber yield
and total biomass
Treatments Tuber yield (g/plant) Total plant biomass
(g/plant)
C 113.3 147.3
F1 177.1 221.5
F2 167.7 211.7
CZ 37.7 79.7
KCZ 124.0 167.3
ZnCZ 62.7 96.3

18. Table -2 Effect of zeolites on nutrient uptake
efficiency
Treatments Nutrient Uptake Efficiency
( NUE % )
N P K
C 85.8 49.8 122.7
F1 214.1 337.5 127.2
F2 148.0 142.2 171.0
CZ 72.9 44.0 65.1
KCZ 125.3 89.1 166.1
ZnCZ 72.9 72.1 78.4

19. POLYMER TECHNOLOGY
• Specialty Fertilizer Products has developed
and patented a family of high charge density
dicarboxylic copolymers that affect the
availability and plant utilization of applied P
fertilizers. These polymers are biodegradable
and highly water soluble. The technology
marketed as Avail® can be applied directly to
granular P fertilizers as a coating or mixed into
liquid fertilizers.

20. MODE OF ACTION
• the high charge density of the polymer
(approximately 1800 milliequivalents
[meq]/100 grams of polymer) results in
sequestration of polyvalent metal cations in
soil solution, disrupting and delaying normal P
fixation reactions resulting in extended
availability of highly water soluble ammonium
and calcium phosphates.

21. • Results of a laboratory study show the effects
of varying concentrations of Avail polymer
coated on granular monoammonium phosphate
(MAP) which was placed in 100 ppm solutions
of Ca, Fe and Al. The resulting P
concentrations in solution suggest that the
polymer affected the reactions of the three
cations with the dissolving MAP allowing
more P into solution and ultimately available
for plant uptake.

22. • In the soil, the dissolving polymer sequesters
the antagonistic cations that react with P in the
soil solution of the microenvironment
surrounding the fertilizer granule or in the
fluid P band.
• Since P is immobile, once the chemistry of the
dissolution area has been modified, the un-
fixed P can be taken up by the plant without
interference.

23. Improving Phosphorus use Efficiency
with Polymer Technology
Dr. Ray Lamond
(2011)
Location: Kansas State University
Green house experiment

24. Experiment details
• Soil pH: 4.7
• Maize was planted in rows and MAP with or
without the polymer was banded 2.5 cm to the
side and 2.5 cm below the seed with a target
application rate equivalent to 45 kg P2O5 ha-1.
• After 30 days, plants were harvested, dried,
weighed, ground and analyzed.
• P1X- without polymer
• P2X- with polymer

25. Polymer evaluation on maize under greenhouse
Material
g
Dry Wt
%
P Conc
mg
P Use
effficiency(%)
Control 5.18 0.827 43.2
P1X* 8.90 0.996 88.7
P2X* 9.55 1.043 99.6
LSD.05 2.47 0.177 31.8
Dr. Ray Lamond (2011)

26. Conclusion
• Results reported showed a highly significant
effect of polymer on plant dry weights, P
concentration and P uptake and encouraged
expansion to field studies.

27. Nanoparticles
• Nanoparticles: Particles with size in the range
of 1-100nm
• Small objects which behave as a whole unit
• The term “Nano” is derived from the Greek
word, nanos meaning ‘DWARF’
• Norio Taniguchi, Professor coined the term
“Nanotechnology” (1974)

29. Unique Properties of Nanoparticles
• Smaller size, Larger surface area
• Increased surface area to volume ratio
• Nanoparticles can even pass through the plant and
animal cell, which is the main clue through which
nanotechnologists able to achieve the phenomena
of delivering the required product at cellular level,
also this thing make nanotechnology
advantageous over conventional method.
• Slow release
• Specific release

30. MODE OF ACTION

31. Nanotechnological approach to
enhance NUE
Encapsulation of fertilizer with nanoparticles
Slow delivery
Smart delivery system
Nanobiosensor

32. Method of Application of
Nanofertilizer

33. Using nanotechnology for enhancing
phosphorus fertilizer use efficiency of
peanut bean grown in sandy soils
Rehab H. Hagab
(2018)

34. Experiment details
• Crop : Peanut
• Method : field experiment
• Location : Baloza Research Station of the
Desert Research Center, Egypt
• Treatments : 4
• Replication : 3
• Design : factorial randomized complete block
design

35. OBJECTIVE
• study was to evaluate the effect of application
of Nano Zeolite Phosphorus (NZP 20.9%
P2O5), Zeolite Phosphorus (ZP 8% P2O5)
fertilizers-loaded P from solid KH2PO4
compared with the conventional fertilizer
Super Phosphate fertilizer (SP 15.5% P2O5) on
growth, yield, nutrient contents and uptake of
peanut plants.

36. Initial soil properties
• Texture : Sandy
• pH : 8.20
• EC : 1.37 Ds m-1
• Available N : 35 (mg/kg)
• Available P : 2.66(mg/kg)
• Available K :44 (mg/kg)

37. Effect of application of nano-zeolite phosphorus (NZP), zeolite phosphorus (ZP)
and super phosphate on nutrient content in straw and seeds of peanut crop grown
on sandy soil
Source of
P fertilizer
Rate % Nutritional content in seed Nutritional content in straw Apparent P
recovery
efficiency
%
control 0.63 0.04 0.19 0.78 0.056 0.29
50 1.46 0.11 0.44 1.81 0.12 0.65 15.80
SP 75 1.88 0.12 0.57 2.82 0.14 0.76 15.90
100 2.16 0.14 0.71 3.52 0.18 0.91 18.40
50 1.77 0.13 0.54 2.33 0.14 0.84 26.50
NZP 75 2.09 0.14 0.66 3.10 0.16 1.03 22.70
100 2.35 0.18 1.06 4.01 0.28 1.27 32.90
50 1.67 0.12 0.52 1.21 0.13 0.78 23.10
ZP 75 1.95 0.13 0.59 2.47 0.15 0.97 20.80
100 2.18 0.15 1.02 3.17 0.19 1.14 23.70
LSD 0.05 souurce of P 0.161 0.015 0.053 0.018 0.004 0.008
LSD 0.05 rates 0.186 0.017 0.061 0.016 0.005 0.009
LSD 0.05 interaction 0.005 0.030 0.028 0.0317 0.008 0.016
SP= Super Phosphate fertilizer NZP= Nano Zeolite Phosphor ZP= Zeolite
Rehab H. Hagab(2018)

38. CONCLUSION
• The above methods shows that which
improves the phosphorous use efficiency,
improves the availability of other nutrients and
helps to evaluation of the nutrient use
efficiency.
• These methods also helps to adoption of new
technologies in agriculture.