Week 2 of a 4-part series on public speaking (Zhengzhou, China)

1. Bullseye!
Hitting the target with your speech
Presenter: Maggie
ESL Public Class Series

2. About Maggie
• Born and raised near
Los Angeles, California,
USA
• B.A. in Liberal Studies
(Education) at the
University of La Verne
• Experience teaching,
public speaking, acting,
singing
• Leadership training

3. May 2014
• Wednesdays at 3:30 pm
– May 7 Preparing your speech
– May 14 Developing your speech
– May 21 Helping your speech
– May 28 Giving your speech

4. Developing Your Speech
• Organizing the Body of the
Speech
• Beginning and Ending the
Speech
• Outlining the Speech

5. Organizing the
Body of the Speech
"Organizing is what
you do before you do
something, so that
when you do it, it is
not all mixed up."
—A. A. Milne, 1882–
1956

6. A Speech is like a Hamburger
• Top Bun = Introduction
• Meat and Vegetables =
Body (main points)
– all your facts, figures,
examples, and
illustrations
• Bottom Bun =
Conclusion
– help your audience take
your thoughts away with
them

7. Why must a speech be
clear and coherent?
• Enhances your credibility (trustworthiness)
• Makes it easier for the audience to
understand your message

8. How many main points?
• No more than 2 to 5 main points
• You must...
– Choose them carefully
– Phrase them precisely
– Organize them strategically

9. How do I organize my speech?
• Depends on your topic, your purpose, your
audience
• 5 Basic Patterns of Organization
– Chronological Order [time pattern]
– Spatial Order [directional pattern]
– Causal Order [cause-effect relationship]
– Problem-Solution Order
– Topical Order

10. Which pattern is best?
• Informative Speeches
– Chronological Order
– Spatial Order
• Persuasive Speeches
– Problem-Solution Order
• Both
– Causal Order
• Any
– Topical Order (used most often)

11. 3 Tips for Preparing Main Points
1. Keep main points separate

12. 3 Tips for Preparing Main Points
2. Try to use the same pattern of wording

13. 3 Tips for Preparing Main Points
3. Balance the amount of time for each point

14. Supporting Materials
Listeners need them to accept what you say!
–Examples
–Statistics
–Testimony
• Organize directly with main point
– Misplaced materials are confusing

15. Connecting Ideas
- Unity and Coherence
• Connectives - words or phrases that join the
ideas in your speech and show the
relationship between them
• Missing? → disjointed and uncoordinated
– (like a skeleton without ligaments and tendons)
• 4 types: transitions, internal previews, internal
summaries, and signposts

16. Transition
• A word or phrase that indicates when a
speaker has finished one thought and is
moving on to another
– Now that we have ..., let me share ...
– I have spoken so far of ..., but it was ...
– Keeping these points in mind ..., let’s return to ...

17. Internal Preview
• Lets the audience know what the speaker is
going to discuss next (what to listen for)
– In discussing how ..., we’ll look first at ... and
second at ...
– [Transition]: Now that we have seen ..., let’s look
at ... [Internal Preview]: I will focus on three
solutions ...

18. Internal Summary
• A summary of your preceding points (reverse
of internal preview)
• Usually used after discussing a complicated or
very important main point
– [Internal Summary]: Let’s pause for a moment to
summarize what we have found so far. First, ...
Second, ... [Transition]: We are now in a position
to see ...

19. Signpost
• A very brief statement that indicates where you are
in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas
(often just numbers)
– The first cause of this problem is ... The second cause is ...
The final cause is ...
– The most important thing to remember ...
– Be sure to keep this in mind ...
– This is crucial to understanding the rest of the speech ...
– Above all, you need to know ...

20. Beginning and
Ending the Speech
"To succeed,
jump as quickly at
opportunities as
you do at
conclusions."
-Benjamin Franklin, 1706–
1790

21. • First impressions are important.
• So are final impressions.
• This is why speeches need strong
introductions and conclusions.

22. What does the introduction do?
• Get the attention and interest of the audience
• Reveal the topic of your speech
• Establish your credibility and goodwill
• Preview the body of the speech

23. How can I get my audience's
attention? (HOOKS)
1. Relate the topic to the audience
2. State the importance of your topic
3. Startle the audience
4. Arouse the curiosity of the audience
5. Question the audience
6. Begin with a quotation
7. Tell a story
8. Tell a joke
9. Use audio or visual aids

24. Why is credibility and goodwill
important?
• Establishing credibility means that you tell the
audience why you are qualified to speak on
the topic at hand.
• Establishing goodwill (friendship) may be
necessary if your point of view is unpopular.

25. What is a preview statement?
• Identifies the main points to be discussed in
the body
• Gives specialized information (i.e. definitions
or background) that listeners will need to
understand your speech

26. Six Tips for Your Introduction
1. Keep it brief
2. Lookout for possible material
3. Be creative (try 2-3 different openings)
4. Don't worry about exact wording
5. Practice, practice, practice!
6. Before speaking, establish eye contact with
the audience, smile, and then begin

27. What does the conclusion do?
• Lets the audience know you are ending your
speech
• Reinforces your central idea (the message
your want your audience to remember)

28. How can I end my speech?
• Signal Words
– In conclusion,...
– My purpose has been...
– Let me end by saying...
• Use of Voice
– tone, pacing, intonation, and rhythm
• crescendo ending
• dissolve ending

29. How can I reinforce my central idea
when concluding my speech?
• Restate the main points
• End with a quotation
• Make a dramatic statement
• Refer to the ideas in the introduction

30. 5 Tips for Your Conclusion
1. Lookout for possible material
2. Be creative -- hit the hearts and minds of your
audience
3. Keep it brief (only 5-10% of your speech)
4. Work out every detail
5. Practice, practice, practice

31. Outlining the
Speech
"The beginning of an
acquaintance whether
with persons or things is
to get a definite outline
of our ignorance."
-- George Eliot, 1819–
1880

32. Why is it important to outline my
speech?
• Outlines are essential to effective speeches
– Related ideas are together
– Thoughts flow from one to another
– Structure of your speech is coherent
• Two kinds of outlines
– Preparation outline (detailed)
– Speaking outline (brief)

33. What is a preparation outline?
• An outline that helps you prepare your speech
– title
– specific purpose
– central idea
– introduction
– main points and subpoints
– connectives
– conclusion
– bibliography

35. What is a speaking outline?
• A brief outline used to jog a speaker’s memory
during the presentation of a speech
• Contains key words or phrases
– also essential statistics and quotations
• Uses cues for delivering the speech
[what to say and how to say it]
– Eye contact
– Slow down!
– Pause

36. In summation...
• Organizing the Body of the
Speech
• Beginning and Ending the
Speech
• Outlining the Speech

37. Source

38. A Useful Resource
Presentation Planner
at Hong Kong Polytechnic University
http://elc.polyu.edu.hk/cill/tools/presplan.aspx
Helps you...
● Plan your speech
● Write your speech
● Make a script, note cards, and a slide
show

39. Next week
Wednesday, May 21 at 3:30 pm
Helping your speech
●Using visual aids (like white boards and PPTs)
●And more!

40. THANK YOU!
• Any questions?
• Email Maggie at 1926804784@QQ.com