Artificial Intelligence an Amazing presentation By Group4.
Group4 is a unique group of Govt.postgraduate College sheikhupura affiliated with Punjab University of Punjab,Pakistan..
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4. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION TO A.I.
LANGUAGES OF A.I
EVOLUTION OF A.I.
BRANCHES OF A.I.
APPLICATIONS OF A.I.
CONCLUSION ON A.I.
5. Introduction
What Is A.I. ?
Artificial intelligence is the branch
of computer science concerned with
making computers behave like humans.
The term was coined in 1956 by John
McCarthy at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology.
Engineering of making intelligent machines, especially
intelligent computer programs.
6. Philosophy of AI
The philosophy of artificial
intelligence attempts to answer such
questions as follows:
Q#1 Are human intelligence and
machine intelligence the same?
Q#2 Is the human brain essentially a
computer?
Q#3 Can a machine have a mind, mental states, and
consciousness in the same way that a human being can?
7. TURING TEST
* Intelligence is defined as the ability to achieve human level
performance in all cognitive tests, sufficient to fool a human
interrogator.
* The test was devised in response to the question,” Can
a computer think ?”.
* Result was +ve if interrogator can not tell if responses
are coming from the M/C or Human.
* Proposed by Alan Turing(1950), a British Computer
Scientist.
8. Why Artificial Intelligence?
* Those who think AI is the only serious way of finding
out how we work (since opening heads does not yet
give much insight into this) and
Those who want computers to do very smart
things, independently of how we work.
This is the important distinction between
Cognitive Scientists vs. Engineers.
One of major divisions in AI is between
9. Are there limits to how
intelligent machine can be?
Artificial Intelligence:
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and
robots and the branch of computer science that aims to create
it
The ability to solve problems
The ability to act rationally
The ability to act like humans
Intelligence:
“The capacity to learn and solve problems”
10. Classical philosophers
Programmable Digital Computers (1940)
1943-1956:
McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model
of brain
Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial
Intelligence“ name adopted
The golden years 1956−1974
HISTORY
11. 1986-- Rise of machine learning
Neural networks return to popularity
Major advances in machine learning
algorithms and applications
1995-- AI as Science
Integration of learning, reasoning,
knowledge representation
AI methods used in vision, language, data
mining, etc
2006: face recognition software available in
consumer cameras
14. How Complicated is our Brain?
•Neuron
•10 12 Neurons in a human brain
•Many more synapses (10 14) connecting these neurons
•Cycle time: 10 -3 seconds (1 millisecond)
How complex can we make Computers?
•108 or more transistors per CPU
•Supercomputer: hundreds of CPUs, 1012 bits of RAM
•Cycle times: order of 10 - 9 seconds
Conclusion
YES
•Less interconnections (wires or synapses)
•Faster
15. RERESENTATION
Facts about the world have to be
represented in some way. Usually
languages of mathematical logic are
used.
16. Artificial intelligence researchers have developed
several specialized programming languages for
artificial intelligence which include IPL, Lisp, Prolog,
STRIPS, Planner, POP-11 etc.
LANGUAGES
17. Lisp is the second-oldest high-
level programming language after
Fortran and has changed a great
deal since its early days, and a
number of dialects have existed
over its history. ... Lisp was
invented by John McCarthy in
1958 while he was at the
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT)
LISP(Introduction)
18. PROLOG(Introduction)
PROLOG is a general purpose logic
programming language associated
with AI and computational
linguistics.
Prolog has its roots in first-
order and formal logic. It is
declarative and expressed in terms of
relations, represented as facts and
rules.
22. An Expert System is a computer program designed to act
as an expert in a particular domain (area of expertise).
Expert systems currently are designed to assist experts,
not to replace them, They have been used in medical
diagnosis, chemical analysis, geological explorations etc.
Domain of E.S.
Knowledge base
Facts Heuristics
Phases in Expert System
EXPERT
SYSTEMS
23. Natural Language Processing
The goal of NLP is to enable people and computers to
communicate in a natural (humanly) language(such as,
English) rather than in a computer language.
Text Based
Dialogue Based
Modes Of Communication
24. Speech Recognition
$ The primary interactive method of
communication used by humans is not reading and
writing, it is speech.
$ The goal of speech recognition research is to
allow computers to understand human speech. So that
they can hear our voices and recognize the words we
are speaking.
$ It simplifies the process of interactive
communication between people and computers, thus
it advances the goal of NLP.
25. Computer Vision
People generally use vision as their primary
means of sensing their environment, we generally see
more than we hear, feel or smell or taste.
The goal of computer vision
research is to give computers this
same powerful facility for
understanding their surrounding.
Here A.I helps computer to
understand what they see through
attached cameras.
26. Robotics
A Robot is a electro-mechanical
device that can be programmed to
perform manual tasks or a
reprogrammable multi functional
manipulator designed to move materials,
parts, tools, or specialized devices
through variable programmed motions
for performance of variety of tasks.
An ‘intelligent’ robot includes
some kind of sensory apparatus that
allows it to respond to change in it’s
environment.
27. "Many thousands of AI applications are deeply
embedded in the infrastructure of every industry."
The late 90s and early 21st century, AI
technology became widely used as elements
of larger systems, but the field is rarely
credited for these successes.
Artificial Intelligence the need of
hour
29. NASA's fight research centre
Voice recognition in fighter jets
Directions to A.I pilots through
Air traffic controllers
Automatic Gearing System in Cars
Robotics:
Assembling Robots
Welding Robots
Behavior based robotics
Dancing Robots
Robot navigation
Auto Mobile & Aviation:
30. o Home Security
o Bank
o Post office
o Websites
o Digital cameras
o News and publishing
o Financial trades
o Health and medicine
o Games and toys
Daily life applications
32. FUTURE
The day is not far when you will just sit back in your
cozy little beds and just command your personal
Robot's to entirely do your ruts . He will be a perfect
companion for you. Just enjoy the Technology.
(+)
33. But wait, don’t be happy. . !
It may end in other way too. Some day there will be a knock to
your door. As you open it, you see a large number of Robots
marching into your house destroying everything you own and
looting you.
This is because ever since there
is an advantage in the Technology, it
attracts anti-social elements. This is
true for Robots too. Because now they
will have full power to think as human,
even as of anti-social elements. So
think trice before giving them power of
Cognition.
FUTURE (-)
34. CONCLUSION
In it’s short existence, AI has increased
understanding of the nature of intelligence and
provided an impressive array of application in a
wide range of areas. It has sharpened
understanding of human reasoning, and of the
nature of intelligence in general. At the same time, it
has revealed the complexity of modeling human
reasoning providing new areas and rich challenges
for the future.
