Learn the concepts of Thermodynamics on Magic Marks
Directing & controling
1.
2. Unit-4: Directing & Controlling
Meaning and nature of directing Leadership
styles, Motivation Theories,
Communication - Meaning and importance,
Coordination meaning and importance and
Techniques of Co –ordination, Meaning
and steps in controlling, Methods of
establishing control, Essentials of a sound
control system
3.
4. Directing the efforts of your
people and resources will help
your company accomplish its
planned objectives.
Directing is the
process of guiding
and supervising
employees, often one-on-
one, while they
work.
5. Leading (Influencing) means guiding the activities
of the organization members in appropriate
directions. Objective is to improve productivity.
6. Leading
Getting others to perform the
necessary tasks by motivating them to
achieve the organization’s objectives
Crucial element in all functions
7. The final step in managing –
Controlling helps you take
corrective action if things are
not working out as planned.
Controlling is the
process of comparing
expected results
(objectives) with
actual performance.
9. Controlling
Process by which a person, group, or
organization consciously monitors
performance and takes corrective
action
10. Importance of Directing
•It provides the necessary motivation to subordinates to
complete the work satisfactorily and strive to do the best.
•Directing involves supervision.
13. The ability to positively influence people and systems to have a
meaningful impact and achieve results.
Leading People
Influencing People
Commanding People
Guiding People
14. 1. Leader must have followers
2. It is working relationship between leader and followers
3. Purpose is to achieve some common objectives or objectives
4. A leader influences his followers willingly not by force
5. Leadership is a power relationship
6. It is a continuous process
21. Leadership Styles
◦ Autocratic leadership—boss makes decisions on their
own without consulting employees
◦ Democratic leadership—involves subordinates in
making decisions
◦ Free-reign leadership—leader believes in minimal
supervision, leaving most decisions to subordinates
22.
23.
24. “Motivation means a process of
stimulating people to action to
accomplished desired objectives”
25. Helps in satisfying needs of the Employees
Change the negative attitude to Positive attitude
Helps in introducing changes
Improves level of efficiency of employees
Creating friendly and supportive relationship
27. Positive motivation induces people to do work in the
best possible manner and to improve their performance.
An example of Positive motivation :
when a Boss tells his subordinate , "if you achieve the
target on the time I will give you promotion “
28. Negative motivation is generally resorted to when positive
incentive does not works and a psychological set back has to
be given to employees.
An example of Positive motivation :
When a Boss tells his subordinate , "if you do not achieve the
target on the time I will give you demotion”
29. Those incentives which satisfy the subordinates by providing them
rewards in terms of rupees.
Money has been recognized as a chief source of satisfying the needs
of people.
Money is also helpful to satisfy the social needs by possessing
various material items.
30. Besides the monetary incentives, there are certain non-financial
incentives which can satisfy the ego and self- actualization needs of
employees.
The incentives which cannot be measured in terms of money are under
the category of “Non- monetary incentives”.
Non- financial incentives can be of the following types:-
Security of service-
Praise or recognition-
Promotion opportunities
31.
32. Managers developed a strategy of
forcing people to work by
threatening to punish or dismiss
them or cut their rewards if they
did not work well.
This philosophy is characterized
by thinking of aggressiveness and
authorities managers
Their was a tight control and rigid
supervision over workers.
33. This theory tried to establish a
direct relationship between
efforts and rewards.
Bases of Piece rate system of
wages
Based on the standard manager
should decide on degree of
rewards and penalties
34. This theory suggest a combination of both
rewards and penalties for motivation
This is based on the strategy of putting
carrot in the front of the donkey and hitting
it with the stick so it has to run
Carrot refers to the incentives
Stick refer to the penalties
35. Abraham Maslow is well renowned for
proposing the Hierarchy of Needs Theory
in 1943.
Maslow was of the view that needs have
priority, i.e., needs are satisfied in an
order.
As soon as the lower level needs are
satisfied. Those on the next higher level
emerge.
Thus, he considered an individual's
motivation behavior as a predetermined
order of needs. Abraham Maslow
36. desire for gaining more knowledge, social- service, creativity
reputation, prestige, power, status, recognition and respect of
others.
reputation, prestige, power, status, recognition and respect of
others.
needs for belongingness, friendship, love, affection, attention and
social acceptance.
needs for belongingness, friendship, love, affection, attention and
social acceptance.
security of job and need for a predictable, secure and safe
environment
security of job and need for a predictable, secure and safe
environment
food, water, air, shelter, food, water, air, shelter, s sleleeepp, ,t hthirisrst,t ,e etctc. .
37.
38. •Communication is the process by which two or
more persons come together to exchange ideas and
understanding amongst themselves.’
•Communication is a basic organizational function,
which refers to the process by which a person
(known as sender) transmits information or
messages to another person (known as receiver).
39. INDIVIDUALS
To share knowledge and information
To present ideas
To influence others
To build relationships
To express emotions
GROUPS
To achieve common objectives
To ensure effective completion
of a task
To reach a common
understanding
To share common values/
systems
To build relationships
40. Modes of Communication
Types Examples Usefulness
Written Letters, Memos, Reports,
etc.
It is relatively permanent
and accessible.
Oral Conversations,
Interviews, Phone calls,
Speeches, etc.
It is the easiest when one
needs to communicate
urgently.
Kinesics Facial expressions,
Actions, Tone
Body unconsciously does
90% of communication.
41. Communication takes place through the formal channels of the
organization structure along the lines of authority established by
the management.
Such communications are generally in writing and may take any
of the forms; policy; manuals: Procedures and rule books;
memoranda; official meetings; reports, etc.
42. Communication arising out of all those channels of communication that fall
outside the formal channels is known as informal communication.
Informal communication does not flow lines of authority as is the case of
formal communication.
It arises due to the personal needs of the members of the organization.
At times, in informal communication, it is difficult to fix responsibility about
accuracy of information. Such communication is usually oral and may be
covered even by simple glance or smile or silence.
43. Who to communicate
When to communicate
What to communicate
Whom to communicate
Media for communication
44. Importance of Communication
Communication helps employees to understand their role clearly
and perform effectively
•Communication improves managerial efficiency and ensures
cooperation of the staff.
•Effective communication helps in molding attitudes and
building up employees’ morale
45. If everyone is moving forward together then the
success takes care of itself.
48. If there is teamwork with no coordination, there will be no
success
One should coordinate the whole team for success
49. Co-ordination is not a distinct function but the very essence
of management.
It is a basic responsibility of management.
Co-ordination does not arises spontaneously or by force.
Heart of co-ordination is the unity of purpose.
Co-ordination is a continuous or an on going process.
Co-ordination is required in group efforts not in individual
effort.
Co-ordination is the responsibility of each and every
manager.
50. EFFECIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS
Coordination helps to improve the efficiency of operations by
avoiding overlapping efforts and duplication of work. Quality
of coordination determines the effectiveness of organized
efforts.
UNITY OF DIRECTION
Coordination helps to ensure unity of action in the face of
disruptive forces. It helps unity of action and helps to avoid
conflicts between line and staff elements
51. HUMAN RELATION
Coordination helps to improve team spirit and morale of
employees. In a well coordinated organization
ESSENCE OF MANAGEMENT
Coordination is all inclusive concept and the end result of
management process.
Coordination helps in the accomplishment of organizational
objectives.
54. SOUND PLANNING
Planning is the ideal stage for coordination. Clear cut
objectives, policies and unified procedures and rules
ensure uniformity of action.
SIMPLIFIED ORGANISATION
A simple and sound organization is an important
means of coordination.
Clear cut authority relationships help to reduce
conflicts and to hold people responsible.
55. Modification of functioning of department in such a
way that each department coordinates with other
departments , it can be done by horizontal
communication.
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
Open and regular communication is the key to coordination.
Effective interchange of opinions and information helps in
resolving difference and in creation mutual understanding.
56. EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP AND SUPERVISION
Effective leadership ensures coordination both at the
planning and the execution stage.
Sound leadership can influence subordinates to have
identity of interest and too adopt a common outlook.
CHAIN OF COMMAND
Authority is the supreme coordinating power in an
organization.
Exercise of authority through the chain of command
or hierarchy is the traditional means of coordination.
57.
58. 58
Controlling
◦ A process of monitoring performance and taking action to
ensure desired results.
◦ It sees to it that the right things happen, in the right ways, and
at the right time.
59.
60. Control is reciprocally related to planning :
Draws attention to situations where new planning is needed.
Provides data upon which plans can be based.
Various steps in control process which are necessary in its
relationship to planning :
Establishment of control standards.
Measurement of performance.
Comparison between performance and standards and the
communication.
Correction of deviation from the standards.
61. The control process begins with planning and the
establishment of performance objectives.
Performance objectives are defined and the standards
for measuring them are set.
There are two types of standards:
◦ Output Standards - measures performance results in terms of
quantity, quality, cost, or time.
◦ Input Standards - measures work efforts that go into a
performance task.
62. Measurements must be accurate enough to spot
deviations or variances between what really occurs and
what is most desired.
Without measurement, effective control is not possible.
63. Accurate standards and accurate measurement of actual
performance are very important for clear revelation of
variations.
Required standards achieved :
No further managerial action is necessary.
Control process is complete.
Required standards not achieved :
Extent of variation may differ from case to case, depends
upon the type of activity.
64. Actions should be taken to maintain the desired degree of
control in the system or operation.
Control actions :
Review of plans and objectivess and change therein on
the basis of such review.
Change in the assignment of tasks.
Change in existing techniques of direction.
Change in the organization structure.
Provision for new facilities.
65. Preliminary
Sometimes called the feedforward controls, they are
accomplished before a work activity begins.
They make sure that proper directions are set and that
the right resources are available to accomplish them.
65
66. Concurrent
Focus on what happens during the work process.
Sometimes called steering controls, they monitor
ongoing operations and activities to make sure that
things are being done correctly.
66
67. Postaction
Sometimes called feedback controls, they take place
after an action is completed. They focus on end results,
as opposed to inputs and activities.
67
Notas do Editor
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Can you think of some Autocratic Leaders?
Schools
Parents
Where are some places/organizations where we might need Autocratic Leaders?
Many military leaders are considered Autocratic Leaders.
Why would it be advantageous to use an Autocratic Style in the military?
Prison systems almost have to use an autocratic style, along with other places where it is too risky to leave anything questionable and unanswered.
Factories often require high volume production on a daily basis—we often see autocratic leadership styles used to increase efficiency
Obviously, our country was founded out of democratic ideas. Our government acts as a democracy that encourages involvement and allows every American to actively participate and voice their concerns, if they choose to do so.
Does this mean that all of our political leaders are democratic leaders?
A democratic leadership style is also commonly used in situation where the leader needs too and wants to encourage team building. There is no better way to encourage true team collaboration than allowing the members to be actively involved in a group processes and decisions.
Autocratic – centered on the boss, who make decisions on their own without consulting employees and expect prompt implementation of instructions
Democratic – involves subordinates in decision making, and is employee centered
Delay
One of the signs that an organization lacks coordination is delay. When there is a lack of coordination between management, labor, production and sales, delays will result causing the organization to become ineffective. When delays become part of the operations of the organization, customer relations will suffer for the organization. Delays create unreliability and will alienate customers from the organization. By controlling and properly managing work in progress, the organization can work to prevent delays and resulting coordination problems.
Duplication
Another sign of a lack of coordination within an organization is redundancy. With redundancy, an organization will spend double the effort, material and time to produce the same item twice. Redundancy typically results from a lack of coordination between various departments within the organization. By implementing control measures to reduce redundancies, an organization can work toward improving overall coordination within the organization.
Lost Data
Organizations must effectively utilize information to function at an optimal level. When this information is not readily available as needed within the organization, the lack of information can create a cascading effect that will damage the organization. Lack of coordination creates gaps in the acquisition and distribution of information. This in turn makes the organization's available resources ineffective and causes it to miss opportunities. By implementing an accountability system for the information, the organization can improve coordination and minimize lost information.
Inflexibility
When an organization does not support coordinated efforts, innovation and progress can become stagnant within it. This can make the organization obsolete and unable to compete against other organizations in the same industry that have adopted a coordinated effort to adapting new methods of producing and managing the organization. Inflexibility also freezes many protocols that could have potentially become productive. This happens because there is not enough coordination to gauge the effectiveness of the new protocol.