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Report on rigid frame structures
1. RIGID STRUCTURAL FRAME
• INTRODUCTION OF RIGID FRAME STRUCTURE
• Part of a structure
• Types of structure
• Framed structure
• Structural load
• Load bearing and framed structure
• Load bearing and non load bearing wall
• Advantages and disadvantages
3. INTRODUCTION
Rigid frame structure can be defined as the structures in
which beams and columns are made monolithically and
act collectively t resist the moments which are
generating due to applied load.
It provide more stability. This type of frame structures
resists shear, moment and torsion more effectively than
any other type of frame structures. That’s why it is used
in world’s most astonishing building Burj Al –Arab.
5. SUB STRUCTURE AND SUPER
STUCTURE
Substructure is a solid base under the ground
that supports a building above the ground [
super structure]
Super structure of a building is the portion of
structure above foundation. It provides
necessary utility of building with comfort ,
structural safety , ventilation, etc.
7. BEAMS
• Beam is the horizontal
member of a structure
carrying transverse
loads. Beam is
rectangular in cross
section. It carry floor
slab or roof slab. Beam
transfer all load
including self weight to
the column or wall
10. COLUMNS
• An isolated vertical load
bearing member is called
column , width of which is
neither less than its
thickness nor more than
four times its thickness.
• Pier is similar to a column
except that it is bonding
into load bearing wall at
the sides to form an
integral part and extends
to full height of the wall.
11. COLUMN AND BEAM
• Both are load carrying elements but differ in method or way of
handling load by each member That means , columns bear
compression of load whereas beams bear bending movement and
shear force of load.
• Similar materials are used in the construction of column and beams
which are steel , timber and concrete.
• A building can’t stand without columns but can stand without
beams.
• Design classification of both are different. Columns are classified as
slender or short while beams are classified as T, L or rectangular.
• The ties of columns and ties or shear reinforcement of beams act
differently.
• One should be careful in stating behavior of each because behaviors
of both elements are different.
12. LINTEL
• Lintel is a short beam
with its ends built into a
wall. It is a horizontal
structural member
placed over small
openings of wall for
door , window,
ventilator, cupboard
etc.
13. FOUNDATION
• A foundation is the lowest and
supporting layer of a structure.
Foundations are generally
divided into two categories –
shallow foundation and deep
foundation.
• SHALLOOW AND DEEP
foundation Depends on
whether load transfer is at
deeper depths.
• Needs for these two types of
foundation--soil strength ,
ground water condition ,
foundation loads, construction
methods and impact on
adjacent property.
14. TYPES OF FOUNDATION
• Shallow foundation–
Column footings without
or with tie/ grade beams,
individual or combined
wall footing, slab on
grade, raft
• Deep foundation– Cassis
or without sockets, end
bearing or friction pile
groups of influence ,
made of concrete [
regular or site cast] or
steel.
15. FRAME STRUCTURE
• Frame structure are the
structures having
combination of beam,
column and slab to resist
lateral and gravity load.
These structures are
usually used to overcome
large moments
developing due to the
applied loading.
1. Rigid frame structure
2. Braced frame structure
16. FOOTING
• The lowest load bearing
part of a building ,
typically below ground
level I called footing.
• There are three main
types of footing
• Strip footing
• Raft/ Mat footing
• Isolated / Mat footing
17. STRUCTURAL LOADS
• Loads are external forces acting
on a structure. Stresses are
internal forces that resist loads.
• The following are loads forces
and stresses to be considered in
designing super structures of
building , bridges and culverts.
1. Dead load
2. Live load
3. Wind load
4. Snow load
5. Earthquake load
6. Hydrostatic and soil pressure
7. Impact load
19. PRIMARY LOADS
• DEAD LOAD consists of
weight of various structural
members and weight of any
objects that are
permanently attached to
structure. Hence , for a
building, dead load include
weight of columns , beams
and girders, floor slab,
roofing walls, windows,
plumbing, electrical fixtures
and other miscellaneous
attachments.
•
• LIVE LOADS OR IMPOSED
LOADS are , temporary, of
short duration, or moving.
These dynamic loads may
involve considerations such
as impact, momentum,
vibration, slosh dynamics of
fluids, fatigue, etc. Live
loads sometimes referred to
as probabilistic loads
include all forces that are
variable within object’s
normal operation cycle not
including construction or
environmental loads.
20. LOAD BEARING WALL
• It carries weight of the building and
distributes that load onto building’s
foundation. Load bearing walls which
are easiest to identify are home’s
exterior walls.
• These walls carry weight of roof
system. Roof trusses rest on these
walls and create a continuous plane
all the way down to the building’s
foundation. In most residential walls,
a 2nd set of load bearing walls, one on
each floor, exists along centerline of
home. In the basement this wall is
created by a metal beam. Directly
above metal beam on 1st and 2nd
floors, a wall down the middle of
home also helps support roof truss
weight.
21. NON – LOAD BEARING WALL
• A framed wall is any wall
in home that is not a load
bearing wall. Closets are a
typical example of walls
which are not load
bearing walls. Also called
partition walls, framed
walls create internal
rooms in a home. They
can be moved, removed
or shortened without
affecting the building’s
structural integrity.
22. LOAD BEARING STRUCTURE
• Load is transferred to
foundation via load bearing
internal and external walls
ex. Masonry houses,
pyramids in Egypt. They are
generally characterized by
having a small window to
wall ratio [ i.e. more
structural wall area than
window openings] and
internal walls. Due to large
stresses within brick or
stone walls height of load
bearing structures is
limited.
23. FRAMED STRUCTURE
• A framed structure is
composed of beams and
columns. With load being
transferred into beams via
floor and then down to
foundation through
columns. These type of
structure can have open
internal spaces and clad in
glass [ curtain walling] or
have large windows. Ex.
Modern day skyscrapers.
First framed building was
Home Insurance Building in
Chicago built in 1884-85.
24. DIFFERENCE
LOAD BEARING STRUCTURE
• Cost is less
• Suitable up to three stories.
• Walls are thicker , hence
floor area is reduced.
• Slow construction
• Not possible to alter
position of walls after
construction.
• Resistance to earthquake is
poor
FRAMED STRUCTURE
• Cost is more.
• Suitable for any numbers of
stories.
• Walls are thinner hence more
floor area available for use.
• Speedy construction.
• Position of walls may be
changed , whenever
necessary.
• Resistance to earthquake
forces is good.
25. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF FRAME STRUCTURES
• Advantages – One of the best easy in
construction, easy to teach labor at
construction side.
• Disadvantages– Span lengths are usually
restricted to 40ft when normal reinforced
concrete otherwise spans greater than that ,
can cause lateral deflections.
26. Selection of frame versatility and
advantages over normal tradition
structures for high rise building is due
to their load bearing structures
• Actually performance of load bearing structures is usually
dependent on mass of structures. To fulfill this requirement, there
is need of increase in volume of structural elements [ wall, slab].
This increase in volume of structural elements leads toward the
construction of thick wall. Due to Such type of construction , labor
and construction cost increases. In construction of thick wall there
will be need of great attention which will further reduce speed of
construction.
• If we contrast of load bearing structures with frame structures ,
frame structures appear to be more flexible , economical and can
carry heavy loads. Frame structures can be rehabilited at any time
and flexible in use.
