Bp

2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
Measurement of blood pressure
Factors influencing blood pressure
Etiology
Epidemilogy
Types
Signs and symptoms
Pathophysilgy
Diagnosis
Complication
management

3. Introduction
 Hypertension is an abnormally high blood pressure especially arterial blood
pressure.Blood pressure is the force exerted bybthe blood against walls of the
blood vessels.
 Hypertension usually indicated by the adult systolic blood pressure greater
than 140 mm hg or a diastolic blood pressure greater than 90 mm hg with a
consensus across medical guidelines.

4. Blood
pressure[mmHg]p
Systolic[upper number] Diastolic[ lower
number]Normal
Normal Less than 120 Lower than 80
Pre hypertension 120-139 80-89
Hypertension[stage1] 140-159 90-99
Hypertension [stage2] 160 or greater 100 or greater
Hypertension crisis Greater than 180 Greater than 110 end organ
damage

5. Measurement of Blood Pressure
BLOOD PRESSURE= CARDIAC OUT PUT X SYSTEMIC VASCULAR RESISTANCE
Cardiac out put can be calculated as
Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

6. Factors influencing Blood pressure
 Heart rate
Increased heart rate increases the blood pressure
 Vasoconstriction and vasodilation
As vasoconstriction increase the blood pressure
As vasodilation decreases the blood pressure
 Fluid volume
As the fluid volume increases the blood pressure also increases

7. Etiology
 Hypertension may transfer due to HEREDIATARY TENDENCY. It have passed
down through 3 generations by statistically significant application of mendels
law.
 FAULTY DIET frequently associated with OVERWEIGHT. The person predisposed
toward on hypertension hereditary basis must frequently acquire faulty
dietary habits. The effect of the salty diet or overuse of salt is also well
demonstrated n patients in whom hypertension has developed.

8.  The connection between blood pressure and the emotions ,especially ANGER and FEAR has long
been established.
 Long continued increased TENSION eventually produces degenerative changes in the intima and
thickening of the walls of arterioles.

9. EPIDEMIOLOGY
 Overall, approximately 20% of the world’s adult are estimated to have hypertension. World
wide, approx. 1 billion people have hypertension, contributing to more than 7.1 million death
per year.

10. TYPES:
1.Essential hypertension.
2.Secondary hypertension.
3. Malignant hypertension.
4. Isolated systolic hypertension.
5.Resistant hypertension.

11. Signs and Symptoms
 Severe headache
 Ftigueconfusion dizziness
 Vision problems
 Chest pain
 Difficulty in breathing
 Irregular heart beat
 Blood in the urine

12. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:
 Pathophysiology behind this disease mainly related to regulation of blood pressure.
 Blood pressure is regulated by following theories :
1. Smypathetic nervous system (short term Regulatory Mechanism Nervous mechanism).
2. Renin Angiotensin Adloseterone System (long term Regulatory mechanismRenal mechanism)
3. Fluid volume

16. Fluid volume regulation:

17. Diagnosis
 MANOMETER: Merrcury,anaeriod or electronic devices is used in measurement of blood pressure.
It should be calibrated frequently and routinely against strandards ( typically every 6 months) to
assure accuracy.
 ELECTROCARDIGRAM: a test that measures the electrical activity, rate, and ryhtym of your
heartbeat via electrodes aatached to your arms, legs, chest. The results are recorded on graph
paper.
 ECHOCARDIOGRAM: This ia a test that uses ultrasound waves to provide pictures of the heart’s
valves and chambers so the pumping action of the heart can be studied and measurement of the
chambers and wall thickness of the heart can be made.

20. Clinical treatment
 There are following class of drugs useful for the treatment of Hypertension:
1. Angiotension converting enzyme (ACE ) inhibitors
2. Angiotension receptor blockers
3. Diuretics
4. Calcium channel blockers
5. Beta blockers
6. Alpha blockers
7. Centerllay acting agents
8. Direct vasodilators’

23. Akhila Jarajapu
M.Tech Biotehnology
Chemical Engineering Department
Andhra University