4. • Energy flows from hot objects to cold
ones.
• The more energy the objects have, the
more its molecules are able to free from
the van der Waals bonds.
• Cooling is the extraction of heat energy
from an object and deposit it to another.
Introduction
4
5. 1) Cooling by conduction:
Heat transfer through solids. Example: heatsinks.
2) Cooling by convection:
Heat transfer by the flow of a fluid (gas or liquid).
Example: wind, refrigerator.
3) Cooling by radiation:
The object radiates away its heat. Example: air
cooling at night.
Cooling processes
5
6. 4) Cooling by perspiration (vaporization):
cooling your body via sweating relies on a principle
of physics called "heat of vaporization."
It takes energy to evaporate sweat off of your skin,
and that energy is heat. As your excess body heat is
used to convert beads of sweat into vapor, you start
to cool down.
6
7. 5) Evaporative (adiabatic) cooling:
The adiabatic cooling process occurs when a
reduction in the pressure within a system causes a
volume expansion, resulting in “work” on the
surrounding environment.
7
9. 6) Cooling by laser:
Six laser beams arranged as three orthogonal
pairs of counter-propagating beams are
brought together. The lasers are tuned to emit
photons of a frequency slightly less than the
resonance frequency for absorption by the
atoms in the beam. For an atom moving
toward the beam, a Doppler shift of the laser
frequency occurs, bringing the frequency of
the laser photon into resonance, where it is
absorbed. Because the photon has
momentum, the absorption slows the atom,
and a deceleration specific to the direction of
motion occurs. But since laser beams come
from the six orthogonal directions, the overall
effect is to slow fast-moving atoms moving in
any direction.
9
10. • The kinetic molecular theory works at high
temperatures and low pressures ONLY.
• At low temperatures, gases deviate from the ideal
state to the real state.
• They obey the Van der Waals equation:
• Due to the low energy in the atoms, Van der
Waals forces are easily created, resulting in the
liquefaction of gases.
Gaseous behavior at low temperature
10
24. Section Title
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27. “Never give up.
Today is beautiful
design, but the day
after tomorrow will
be sunshine.
JONATHAN SMITH
Account Director
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