Auto Metro Train Project Report

A
Project Report
on
AUTO METRO TRAIN TO SHUTTLE BETWEEN
STATIONS
Submitted
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
Electronics and Communication Engineering
By
CH.MADHAV REDDY 14R11A0474
A.MADHU VIVEKA 14R11A0462
B.DIVYA 14R11A0465
Under the Guidance of
Ms. M. Laxmi
Associate Professor
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY,
Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M), Medchal Dist, Hyderabad– 501 301
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad & Accredited By NAAC & NBA, New
Delhi)
2014-2018

GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report titled AUTO METRO TRAIN TO
SHUTTLE BETWEEN STATIONS being submitted by Ch.Madhav Reddy, A.Madhu
Viveka, B.Divya, bearing hall ticket number 14R11A0474, 14R11A0462, 14R11A0465, in
partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and
Communication Engineering is a record of bonafide work carried out under my guidance
and supervision.
Internal Guide Prof. B. Hari Kumar
Ms. M . Laxmi HoD
Associate Professor
Internal Examiner External Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This is an acknowledgement of the intensive drive and technical competence of many
individuals who have contributed to the success of our Project.
This is with sincere gratitude that we would like to express our profound thanks to our
guide Ms. M Laxmi, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, for
her valuable guidance and support. She has been a constant source of encouragement
and inspiration for us in completing this work.
A special note of thanks to our Project Coordinator, Dr. C V Narasimhulu,
Professor, Department of ECE for his deep sense of involvement and for helping us in
overcoming the hurdles at various stages of the project work.
We extend our sincere thanks to Prof. B Hari Kumar, Head, Department of
ECE, GCET for his timely suggestions and co-operation in the completion of the
project work.
We express our sincere thanks to Dr. S. Udaya Kumar, Principal, GCET, for
facilitating us to carry out our project work inside the campus and for providing us
with all the necessary facilities and for his constant encouragement.
We are very much thankful to the Management of Geethanjali College of
Engineering & Technology for facilitating us to make use of all the required
resources of the Institution for successful completion of the project.
Finally we express our sincere thanks to our family members for their continuous
co-operation and encouragement extended during the project work.
With Regards
CH.MADHAV REDDY (14R11A0474)
A.MADHU VIVEKA (14R11A0462)
B.DIVYA (14R11A0465)

CONTENTS PAGE NO.
Abstract i
List of Figures ii
List of Tables iii
Chapter-1. INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM
1.1 HISTORY 2
1.2 RESOURCES 2
1.3 REAL TIME ISSUES 3
1.4 NEEDS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 3
1.4.1 Debugging 4
1.4.2 Reliability 5
1.5 EXPLANATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 5
1.5.1 Software Architecture 5
1.5.2 Stand Alone Embedded System 7
1.5.3 Real-time Embedded Systems 7
1.5.4 Network Communication Embedded Systems 8
1.6 APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 9
1.6.1 Consumer Applications 9
1.6.2 Office Automation 9
1.6.3 Industrial Automation 9
Chapter-2. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
2.1 INRODUCTION TO ARDUINO 10
2.1.1 Different Types of Arduino 11
2.1.2 Arduino Uno Features 12
2.1.3 Arduino Pin Diagram and Description 13

2.1.4 Applications of Arduino Uno 15
2.2 LCD 16* 2 MODULE 16
2.2.1 LCD Description 16
2.3 IR SENSOR 17
2.3.1 Working Principle 17
2.4 VOICE MODULE 18
2.4.1 Features 19
2.5 RELAY 19
2.5.1 Basic Operation of Relay 20
2.5.2 Specifications 21
2.6 DC MOTORS 22
2.6.1 Principle of Operation 22
2.6.2 Types of DC Motor 23
2.7 MOTOR DRIVER 24
2.7.1 Voltage Specifications 25
2.7.2 Working of L293D 26
2.8 Transformer 26
2.8.1 Principle of Working of a Transformer 27
Chapter-3. SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
3.1 FEATURES AND PROCEDURE 29
3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM 31
3.3 PROGRAM CODE 32
3.4 FLOWCHART 37
Chapter-4. WORKING 38
Chapter-5. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 40

5.1 ADVANTAGES 40
5.2 DISADVANTAGES 40
Chapter-6. RESULTS 41
Chapter-7. CONCLUSION 42
Chapter-8. FUTURE SCOPE 43
Chapter-9. REFERENCES 44

i
ABSTRACT
This project is designed to demonstrate the technology used in metro train
movement. This proposed system is an automatic train and it eliminates the need of
any driver. In this project Arduino has been used as CPU. Whenever the train arrives
at the station it stops automatically, as sensed by an IR sensor. Then the door is opens
automatically so that the passengers can go inside the train. The door then closes after
a prescribed time set in the arduino by the program. It is also equipped with a
passenger counting section, which counts the number of passengers present in the
train. The passenger counts are displayed on a LCD module interfaced to the arduino.
The train incorporates a buzzer to alert the passengers before closing the door. Further
the project can be enhanced by making this system more advanced by displaying the
status of the train over an LCD screen. The voice module IC is used for the audio
announcement of stations.

ii
LIST OF FIGURES Page no.
Fig 1.1 Network communication embedded systems 8
Fig 1.2 Automatic coffee makes equipment 9
Fig 1.3 Robot 9
Fig 2.1 Arduino 13
Fig 2.2 LCD Module 16
Fig 2.3 Working of IR sensor 18
Fig 2.4 Voice Module 19
Fig 2.5 Relay 20
Fig 2.5.1 Relay circuit 21
Fig 2.6 DC motor 23
Fig 2.7 Motor driver pin diagram 25
Fig 2.8 Transformer 27
Fig 3.1 Block diagram 31
Fig 3.2 Flowchart 37
Fig 6.1 Hardware result image 41
Fig 6.2 Software result image 41

iii
LIST OF TABLES Page no.
Table 2.1 LCD module 17
Table 2.2 Types of DC motors 24

1
CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM
An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform one or a few
dedicated functions often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part
of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. By contrast, a
general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer (PC), is designed to be
flexible and to meet a wide range of end-user needs. Embedded systems control many
devices in common use today.
Embedded systems are controlled by one or more main processing cores that
are typically either microcontrollers or digital signal processors (DSP). The key
characteristic, however, is being dedicated to handle a particular task, which may
require very powerful processors. For example, air traffic control systems may
usefully be viewed as embedded, even though they involve mainframe computers and
dedicated regional and national networks between airports and radar sites. (Each radar
probably includes one or more embedded systems of its own.)
Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can
optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and
performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from
economies of scale. Physically embedded systems range from portable devices such
as digital watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights,
factory controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants. Complexity
varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units,
peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure. In general,
"embedded system" is not a strictly definable term, as most systems have some
element of extensibility or programmability. For example, handheld computers share
some elements with embedded systems such as the operating systems and
microprocessors which power them, but they allow different applications to be loaded
and peripherals to be connected. Moreover, even systems which don't expose
programmability as a primary feature generally need to support software updates. On
a continuum from "general purpose" to "embedded", large application systems will
have subcomponents at most points even if the system as a whole is "designed to

2
perform one or a few dedicated functions", and is thus appropriate to call
"embedded". A modern example of embedded system is shown in many ways,
programming for an embedded system is like programming PC 15 years ago. The
hardware for the system is usually chosen to make the device as cheap as possible.
Spending an extra dollar a unit in order to make things easier to program can cost
millions. Hiring a programmer for an extra month is cheap in comparison. This means
the programmer must make do with slow processors and low memory, while at the
same time battling a need for efficiency not seen in most applications. Below is a list
of issues specific to the embedded field.
1.1 HISTORY
In the earliest years of computers in the 1930–40s, computers were dedicated to
single task, but were far too large and expensive for most kinds of tasks performed by
embedded computers of today. Over time however, the concept of programmable
controllers evolved from traditional electromechanical sequencers, via solid state
devices, to the use of computer technology.
One of the first recognizably modern embedded systems was the Apollo
Guidance computer, developed by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT Instrumentation
Laboratory. At the project's inception, the Apollo guidance computer was considered
the riskiest item in the Apollo project as it employed the then newly developed
monolithic integrated circuits to reduce the size and weight. An early mass-produced
embedded system was the Autonetics D-17 guidance computer for the minuteman
missile, released in 1961. It was built from transistor logic and had a hard disk for
main memory. When the Minuteman II went into production in 1966, the D-17 was
replaced with a new computer that was the first high-volume use of integrated circuits.
1.2 RESOURCES
To save costs, embedded systems frequently have the cheapest processors that
can do the job. This means your programs need to be written as efficiently as possible.
When dealing with large data sets, issues like memory cache misses that never matter
in PC programming can hurt you. Luckily, this won't happen too often- use reasonably
efficient algorithms to start and optimize only when necessary. Of course, normal
profilers won't work well, due to the same reason debuggers don't work well. Memory

3
is also an issue. For the same cost savings reasons, embedded systems usually have
the least memory they can get away with. That means their algorithms must be
memory efficient (unlike in PC programs, you will frequently sacrifice processor time
for memory, rather than the reverse). It also means you can't afford to leak memory.
Embedded applications generally use deterministic memory techniques and avoid the
default "new" and "malloc" functions, so that leaks can be found and eliminated more
easily. Other resources programmers expect may not even exist. For example, most
embedded processors do not have hardware FPUs (Floating-Point Processing Unit).
These resources either need to be emulated in software, or avoided altogether.
1.3 REAL TIME ISSUES
Embedded systems frequently control hardware, and must be able to respond
to them in real time. Failure to do so could cause inaccuracy in measurements, or even
damage hardware such as motors. This is made even more difficult by the lack of
resources available. Almost all embedded systems need to be able to prioritize some
tasks over others, and to be able to put off/skip low priority tasks such as UI in favor
of high priority tasks like hardware control.
1.4 NEED OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
The uses of embedded systems are virtually limitless, because every day new
products are introduced to the market that utilizes embedded computers in novel ways.
In recent years, hardware such as microprocessors, microcontrollers, and FPGA chips
have become much cheaper. So when implementing a new form of control, it's wiser
to just buy the generic chip and write your own custom software for it. Producing a
custom-made chip to handle a particular task or set of tasks costs far more time and
money. Many embedded computers even come with extensive libraries, so that
"writing your own software" becomes a very trivial task indeed. From an
implementation viewpoint, there is a major difference between a computer and an
embedded system. Embedded systems are often required to provide Real-Time
response. The main elements that make embedded systems unique are its reliability
and ease in debugging.

4
1.4.1 Debugging
Embedded debugging may be performed at different levels, depending on the
facilities available. From simplest to most sophisticate they can be roughly grouped
into the following areas:
 Interactive resident debugging, using the simple shell provided by the
embedded operating system (e.g. Forth and Basic)

 External debugging using logging or serial port output to trace operation
using either a monitor in flash or using a debug server like the Remedy Debugger
which even works for heterogeneous multi core systems.

 An in-circuit debugger (ICD), a hardware device that connects to the
microprocessor via a JTAG or Nexus interface. This allows the operation of the
microprocessor to be controlled externally, but is typically restricted to specific
debugging capabilities in the processor.

 An in-circuit emulator replaces the microprocessor with a simulated
equivalent, providing full control over all aspects of the microprocessor.

 A complete emulator provides a simulation of all aspects of the hardware,
allowing all of it to be controlled and modified, and allowing debugging on a normal
PC.

 Unless restricted to external debugging, the programmer can typically load
and run software through the tools, view the code running in the processor, and start
or stop its operation. The view of the code may be as assembly code or source-code.

Because an embedded system is often composed of a wide variety of elements,
the debugging strategy may vary. For instance, for debugging a software (and
microprocessor) centric embedded system is different from debugging an embedded
system where most of the processing is performed by peripherals (DSP, FPGA, co-
processor). An increasing number of embedded systems today use more than one
single processor core. A common problem with multi-core development is the proper
synchronization of software execution. In such a case, the embedded system design
may wish to check the data traffic on the busses between the processor cores, which
requires very low-level debugging, at signal/bus level, with a logic analyzer, for
instance.

5
1.4.2 Reliability
Embedded systems often reside in machines that are expected to run
continuously for years without errors and in some cases recover by them if an error
occurs. Therefore the software is usually developed and tested more carefully than
that for personal computers, and unreliable mechanical moving parts such as disk
drives, switches or buttons are avoided. Specific reliability issues may include:
 The system cannot safely be shut down for repair, or it is too inaccessible to
repair. Examples include space systems, undersea cables, navigational beacons, bore-
hole systems, and automobiles.

 The system must be kept running for safety reasons. "Limp modes" are less
tolerable. Oftenbackup is selected by an operator. Examples include aircraft
navigation, reactor control systems, safety-critical chemical factory controls, train
signals, engines on single-engine aircraft.
 The system will lose large amounts of money when shut down: Telephone
switches, factory controls, bridge and elevator controls, funds transfer and market
making, automated sales and service.

A variety of techniques are used, sometimes in combination, to recover from
errors, both software bugs such as memory leaks, and also soft errors in the hardware:

 Watchdog timer that resets the computer unless the software periodically
notifies the watchdog

 Subsystems with redundant spares that can be switched over to

 Software "limp modes" that provide partial function

 Designing with a Trusted Computing Base (TCB) architecture[6] ensures a
highly secure & reliable system environment

 An Embedded Hypervisor is able to provide secure encapsulation for any
subsystem component, so that a compromised software component cannot interfere
with other subsystems, or privileged-level system software.

1.5 EXPLANATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
1.5.1 Software Architecture
There are several different types of software architecture in common use.
 Simple Control Loop:

6
In this design, the software simply has a loop. The loop calls subroutines, each
of which manages a part of the hardware or software.
 Interrupt Controlled System:

Some embedded systems are predominantly interrupt controlled. This means
that tasks5performed by the system are triggered by different kinds of events. An
interrupt could be generated for example by a timer in a predefined frequency, or by a
serial port controller receiving a byte. These kinds of systems are used if event
handlers need low latency and the event handlers are short and simple .Usually these
kinds of systems run a simple task in a main loop also, but this task is not very
sensitive to unexpected delays. Sometimes the interrupt handler will add longer tasks
to a queue structure. Later, after the interrupt handler has finished, these tasks are
executed by the main loop. This method brings the system close to a multitasking
kernel with discrete processes.

 Cooperative Multitasking:

A non-preemptive multitasking system is very similar to the simple control
loop scheme, except that the loop is hidden in an API. The programmer defines a
series of tasks, and each task gets its own environment to “run” in. When a task is
idle, it calls an idle routine, usually called “pause”, “wait”, “yield”, “nop” (stands for
no operation), etc. The advantages and disadvantages are very similar to the control
loop, except that adding new software is easier, by simply writing a new task, or
adding to the queue-interpreter.

 Primitive Multitasking:
In this type of system, a low-level piece of code switches between tasks or
threads based on a timer (connected to an interrupt). This is the level at which the
system is generally considered to have an "operating system" kernel. Depending on
how much functionality is required, it introduces more or less of the complexities of
managing multiple tasks running conceptually in parallel.
As any code can potentially damage the data of another task (except in larger
systems using an MMU) programs must be carefully designed and tested, and access
to shared data must be controlled by some synchronization strategy, such as message

7
queues, semaphores or a non-blocking synchronization scheme. Because of these
complexities, it is common for organizations to buy a real-time operating system,
allowing the application programmers to concentrate on device functionality rather
than operating system services, at least for large systems; smaller systems often
cannot afford the overhead associated with a generic real time system, due to
limitations regarding memory size, performance, and/or battery life.
 Microkernels And Exokernels:

A microkernel is a logical step up from a real-time OS. The usual arrangement
is that the operating system kernel allocates memory and switches the CPU to different
threads of execution. User mode processes implement major functions such as file
systems, network interfaces, etc.
In general, microkernels succeed when the task switching and intertask
communication is fast, and fail when they are slow. Exokernels communicate
efficiently by normal subroutine calls. The hardware and all the software in the system
are available to, and extensible by application programmers. Based on performance,
functionality, requirement the embedded systems are divided into three categories:
1.5.2 Stand Alone Embedded System
These systems takes the input in the form of electrical signals from transducers
or commands from human beings such as pressing of a button etc.., process them and
produces desired output. This entire process of taking input, processing it and giving
output is done in standalone mode. Such embedded systems comes under stand alone
embedded systems. Eg: microwave oven, air conditioner etc..
1.5.3 Real-time Embedded Systems
Embedded systems which are used to perform a specific task or operation in a
specific time period those systems are called as real-time embedded systems. There
are two types of real-time embedded systems.
 Hard Real-time embedded systems:


8
 These embedded systems follow an absolute dead line time period i.e.., if the
tasking is not done in a particular time period then there is a cause of damage to the
entire equipment.
Eg: Consider a system in which we have to open a valve within 30 milliseconds. If
this valve is not opened in 30 ms this may cause damage to the entire equipment. So
in such cases we use embedded systems for doing automatic operations
Eg: Consider a TV remote control system, if the remote control takes a few
milliseconds delay it will not cause damage either to the TV or to the remote control.
These systems which will not cause damage when they are not operated at
considerable time period those systems comes under soft real-time embedded systems.
1.5.4 Network Communication Embedded Systems
A wide range network interfacing communication is provided by using
embedded systems.
Eg: Consider a web camera that is connected to the computer with internet can be
used to spread communication like sending pictures, images, videos etc.., to another
computer with internet connection throughout anywhere in the world.
 Consider a web camera that is connected at the door lock.
Whenever a person comes near the door, it captures the image of a person and
sends to the desktop of your computer which is connected to internet. This gives an
alerting message with image on to the desktop of your computer, and then you can
open the door lock just by clicking the mouse.

Fig 1.1 Network communication embedded systems

9
1.6 APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
1.6.1 Consumer Applications
At home we use a number of embedded systems which include microwave
oven, remote control, cd players, dvd players, camera etc.
Fig 1.2 Automatic coffee makes equipment
1.6.2 Office Automation
We use systems like fax machine, modem, printer etc…
1.6.3 Industrial Automation
In industries we design the embedded systems to perform a specific operation
like monitoring temperature, pressure, humidity ,voltage, current etc.
Fig 1.3 ROBOT
In critical industries where human presence is avoided there we can use robot which
are programmed to do a specific operation.

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CHAPTER -2
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO UNO
An Arduino is an open-source microcontroller development board. In plain
English, you can use the Arduino to read sensors and control things like motors and
lights. This allows you to upload programs to this board which can then interact with
things in the real world. With this, you can make devices which respond and react to
the world at large. Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328.
It has 14 digital input output pin (of which 6 can be used as PWM output) 6 analog
inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header
and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller simply
connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC to DC adopter or
battery to get started. The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use
the FTDI USB to serial driver chip.
For instance, you can read a humidity sensor connected to a potted plant and
turn on an automatic watering system if it gets too dry. Or, you can make a stand-
alone chat server which is plugged into your internet router. Or, you can have it tweet
every time your cat passes through a pet door. Or, you can have it start a pot of coffee
when your alarm goes off.
Basically, if there is something that is in any way controlled by electricity, the
Arduino can interface with it in some manner. And even if it is not controlled by
electricity, you can probably still use things which are (like motors and
electromagnets).
The possibilities of the Arduino are almost limitless. As such, there is no way
that one single tutorial can cover everything you might ever need to know. That said,
I've done my best to give a basic overview of the fundamental skills and knowledge
that you need to get your Arduino up and running. If nothing more, this should
function as a springboard into further experimentation and learning.

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2.1.1 Different Types of Arduino
There are a number of different types of Arduinos to choose from. This is a
brief overview of some of the more common types of Arduino boards you may
encounter.
Arduino Uno
The most common version of Arduino is the Arduino Uno. This board is what
most people are talking about when they refer to an Arduino. In the next step, there is
a more complete rundown of its features.
Arduino NG, Diecimila, and the Duemilanove (Legacy Versions)
Legacy versions of the Arduino Uno product line consist of the NG, Diecimila, and
the Duemilanove. The important thing to note about legacy boards is that they lack
particular feature of the Arduino Uno. Some key differences:
 The Diecimila and NG use an ATMEGA168 chips (as opposed to the more
powerful ATMEGA328),
 Both the Diecimila and NG have a jumper next to the USB port and require
manual selection of either USB or battery power.
 The Arduino NG requires that you hold the rest button on the board for a few
seconds prior to uploading a program.
ArduinoMega2560
The Mega is the second most commonly encountered version of the Arduino
family. The Arduino Mega is like the Arduino Uno's beefier older brother. It boasts
256 KB of memory (8 times more than the Uno). It also had 54 input and output pins,
16 of which are analog pins, and 14 of which can do PWM. However, all of the added
functionality comes at the cost of a slightly larger circuit board. It may make your
project more powerful, but it will also make your project larger.
Arduino Mega ADK
This specialized version of the Arduino is basically an Arduino Mega that has
been specifically designed for interfacing with Android smartphones.

12
Arduino Lily Pad
The LilyPad was designed for wearable and e-textile applications. It is intended
to be sewn to fabric and connected to other sewable components using conductive
thread. This board requires the use of a special FTDI-USB TTL serial programming
cable. For more information, the Arduino LilyPad page is a decent starting point.
2.1.2 Arduino Uno Features
Some of the key features of the Arduino Uno include:
 An open source design. The advantage of it being open source is that it has a
large community of people using and troubleshooting it. This makes it easy to
find someone to help you debug your projects.
 An easy USB interface . The chip on the board plugs straight into your USB
port and registers on your computer as a virtual serial port. This allows you to
interface with it as through it were a serial device. The benefit of this setup is
that serial communication is an extremely easy (and time-tested) protocol, and
USB makes connecting it to modern computers really convenient.
 Very convenient power management and built-in voltage regulation. You can
connect an external power source of up to 12v and it will regulate it to both 5v
and 3.3v. It also can be powered directly off of a USB port without any
external power.
 An easy-to-find, and dirt cheap, microcontroller "brain." The ATmega328 chip
retails for about $2.88 on Digikey. It has countless number of nice hardware
features like timers, PWM pins, external and internal interrupts, and multiple
sleep modes. Check out the official datasheet for more details.
 A 16mhz clock. This makes it not the speediest microcontroller around, but
fast enough for most applications.
 32 KB of flash memory for storing your code.
 13 digital pins and 6 analog pins. These pins allow you to connect external
hardware to your Arduino. These pins are key for extending the computing
capability of the Arduino into the real world. Simply plug your devices and
sensors into the sockets that correspond to each of these pins and are good .An
ICSP connector for bypassing the USB port and interfacing the Arduino

13
directly as a serial device. This port is necessary to re-boot load your chip if it
corrupts and can no longer talk to your computer.
 An on-board LED attached to digital pin 13 for fast an easy debugging of code.
 Arduino has two different types of input pins, those being analog and digital
 To begin with, let’s look at the digital input pins.
 Digital input pins only have two possible states, which are on or off.
 These two on and off states are also referred to as:
 HIGH or LOW
 1 or 0
 5V or 0V
 This input is commonly used to sense the presence of voltage when a switch is
open or close. Digital inputs can also be used as the basis for countless digital
communication protocols. By creating a 5V (HIGH) pulse or 0V (LOW) pulse,
you can create binary signal, the basis of all computing. This is useful for
talking to digital sensors like a PING ultrasonic sensor, or communicating with
other devices.
2.1.3 Arduino Pin Diagram and Description
Fig 2.1 Arduino
The Arduino Uno R3 is a open source microcontroller board based on the
ATmega328 chip. This Board has 14 digital input/output pins, 6 analog input pins,
Onboard 16 MHz ceramic resonator, Port for USB connection, Onboard DC power
jack, An ICSP header and a microcontroller reset button. It contains everything needed

14
to support the microcontroller. Using the board is also very easy, simply connect it to a
computer with a USB cable or power it with DC adapter or battery to get started.
The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI
USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 Atmega8U2 up to
version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. While the Arduino UNO can be
powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply, the power source is
selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter or
battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into
the board's power jack. Also leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin
pin headers of the Power connector. The board can operate on an external supply of 6
to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than
five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator
may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 5v to 12v for Arduino
Uno.
Operating Voltage: 5V.
Input Voltage: 7-12V.
Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output).
Analog Input Pins: 6.
DC Current: 40mA.
Flash Memory: 32 KB.
SRAM: 2 KB.
EEPROM: 1 KB.
Clock Speed: 16 MHz.
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Arduino Uno can be used as an input or output, using
pin Mode(), digital Write(), and digital Read() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each
pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor
(disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms some pins have specialized functions.

15
Serial: pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial
data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-
TTL Serial chip.
External Interrupts: pins 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt
on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attach Interrupt()
function for details.
PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite()
function.
SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI
communication using the SPI library.
LED: There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it’s off.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labelled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of
resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts,
though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the
analogReference() function. Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:
TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the
Wire library.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:
AREF: Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset
button to shields which block the one on the board.
2.1.4 Applications of Arduino Uno
 DIY project prototyping.

 Developing varied varieties of projects that require a code based control.

 Automation System development.

 Learning AVR programming

16
2.2 LCD MODULE
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a
wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very
commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over
seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are
economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special custom
characters, animations and so on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such
lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two
registers, namely, Command and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A
command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it,
clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register
stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the
character to be displayed on the LCD. Click to learn more about internal structure of a
LCD.
2.2.1 LCD Description
Fig 2.2 LCD Module

17
Pin No Function Name
1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc
3
Contrast adjustment; through a variable
resistor
VEE
4
Selects command register when low; and
data register when high
Register
Select
5
Low to write to the register; High to read
from the register
Read/write
6
Sends data to data pins when a high to low
pulse is given
Enable
7
8-bit data pins
DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 DB3
11 DB4
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-
Table 2.1 LCD module
2.3 IR SENSOR
An infrared sensor emits and/or detects infrared radiation to sense its surroundings.
IR Transmitter: Infrared transmitter is a light emitting diode (LED) which emits
infrared radiations. Hence, they are called IR LED’s.
Receiver: Infrared receivers detect the radiation from an IR transmitter.
2.3.1 Working Principle
The basic principle of IR sensor is based on an IR emitter and an IR receiver.
IR emitter will emit infrared continuously when power is supplied to it. On the other
hand, the IR receiver will be connected and perform the task of a voltage divider. IR
receiver can be imagined as a transistor with its base current determined by the
intensity of IR light received. The lower the intensity of IR light cause higher
resistance between collector-emitter terminals of transistor, and limiting current from
collector to emiiter. This change of resistance will further change the voltage at the
output of voltage divider. In others word, the greater the intensity of IR light hitting IR

18
receiver, the lower the resistance of IR receiver and hence the output voltage of
voltage divider will decreased. Usually the IR emitter and IR receiver will be mounted
side by side, pointing to a reflective surface. The further distance away between
emitter and receiver decrease the amount of infrared light hitting the receiver if the
distance between the sensor and a reflective surface is fixed.
Fig 2.3 Working of IR sensor
2.4 VOICE MODULE APR33A3
APR33a3 Voice play back provides high quality recording and playback with
11 minutes audio at 8 KHz sampling rate with 16 bit resolution. The aPR33A series
C2.x is specially designed for simple key trigger, user can record and playback the
message averagely for 1, 2, 4 or 8 voice message(s) by switch, it is suitable in simple
interface or need to limit the length of single message.
The aPR33A series are powerful audio processor along with high performance
audio analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and digital-to-analog converters (DACs).
The aPR33A series are a fully integrated solution offering high performance and
unparalleled integration with analog input, digital processing and analog output
functionality. The aPR33A series incorporates all the functionality required to
perform demanding audio/voice applications. High quality audio/voice systems with
lower bill-of-material costs can be implemented with the aPR33A series because of its
integrated analog data converters and full suite of quality enhancing features such as
sample-rate convertor.

19
Fig 2.4 Voice Module
2.4.1 Features
 Operating Voltage Range: 3V ~ 6.5V

 Single Chip, High Quality Audio/Voice Recording & Playback Solution

 No External ICs Required

 Minimum External Components

 User Friendly, Easy to Use Operation

 Programming & Development Systems Not Required

 680 sec.(11 Minutes) Voice Recording Length in APR33A3-C2

 Powerful 16-Bits Digital Audio Processor.

 Non volatile Flash Memory Technology

 No Battery Backup Required

 External Reset pin.

 High Quality Line Receiver

 High Quality Analog to Digital and PWM module

 Resolution up to 16-bits

 Simple And Direct User Interface
2.5 RELAY
A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of
another electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an
electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts. A relay is able to control

20
an output circuit of higher power than the input circuit, it can be considered to be, in a
broad sense, a form of an electrical amplifier.
Fig 2.5 Relay
Relays are usually SPDT (single pole double through switch) or DPDT
(double pole double through switch) but they can have many more sets of switch
contacts, for example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts are readily available.
These contacts can be either Normally Open (NO), Normally Closed (NC), or
changeover contacts.
Normally-open contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the
circuit is disconnected when the relay is inactive. It is also called Form A contact or
"make" contact. Form A contact is ideal for applications that require to switch a high-
current power source from a remote device.
Normally-closed contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated;
the circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. It is also called Form B contact or
"break" contact. Form B contact is ideal for applications that require the circuit to
remain closed until the relay is activated.
Change-over contacts control two circuits: one normally-open contact and one
normally-closed contact with a common terminal. It is also called Form C contact.
2.5.1 Basic Operation of Relay
An electric current through a conductor will produce a magnetic field at right
angles to the direction of electron flow. If that conductor is wrapped into a coil shape,
the magnetic field produced will be oriented along the length of the coil. The greater
the current, the greater the strength of the magnetic field, all other factors being equal.

21
Fig 2.5.1 Relay circuit
Inductors react against changes in current because of the energy stored in this
magnetic field. When we construct a transformer from two inductor coils around a
common iron core, we use this field to transfer energy from one coil to the other.
However, there are simpler and more direct uses for electromagnetic fields than the
applications we've seen with inductors and transformers. The magnetic field produced
by a coil of current-carrying wire can be used to exert a mechanical force on any
magnetic object, just as we can use a permanent magnet to attract magnetic objects,
except that this magnet (formed by the coil) can be turned on or off by switching the
current on or off through the coil.
If we place a magnetic object near such a coil for the purpose of making that
object move when we energize the coil with electric current, we have what is called a
solenoid. The movable magnetic object is called an armature, and most armatures can
be moved with either direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC) energizing the
coil. The polarity of the magnetic field is irrelevant for the purpose of attracting an
iron armature. Solenoids can be used to electrically open door latches, open or shut
valves, move robotic limbs, and even actuate electric switch mechanisms and is used
to actuate a set of switch contacts.
2.5.2 Relay Specifications
 Coil resistance -100Ω to 500Ω
 Operating voltage -6v to 24v dc

22
 No. of contacts -1 to 4
 Contact current rating -1.5 to 25 Amps
2.6 DC MOTORS
Permanent magnet DC motor responds to both voltage and current. The steady
state voltage across a motor determines the motor’s running speed, and the current
through its armature windings determines the torque. Apply a voltage and the motor
will start running in one direction; reverse the polarity and the direction will be
reversed. If you apply a load to the motor shaft, it will draw more current, if the power
supply does not able to provide enough current, the voltage will drop and the speed of
the motor will be reduced. However, if the power supply can maintain voltage while
supplying the current, the motor will run at the same speed. In general, you can
control the speed by applying the appropriate voltage, while torque is controlled by
current. In most cases, DC motors are powered up by using fixed DC power supply,
therefore; it is more efficient to use a chopping circuit. At the most basic level, electric
motors exist to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. This is done by way
of two interacting magnetic fields -- one stationary, and another attached to a part that
can move. A number of types of electric motors exist, but most BEAM bots use DC
motors in some form or another. DC motors have the potential for very high torque
capabilities (although this is generally a function of the physical size of the motor), are
easy to miniaturize, and can be "throttled" via adjusting their supply voltage. DC
motors are also not only the simplest, but the oldest electric motors.
2.6.1 Principle of Operation
In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A
current-carrying conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an
external magnetic field, it will experience a force proportional to the current in the
conductor, and to the strength of the external magnetic field. As you are well aware of
from playing with magnets as a kid, opposite (North and South) polarities attract,
while like polarities (North and North, South and South) repel. The internal
configuration of a DC motor is designed to harness the magnetic interaction between
a current-carrying conductor and an external magnetic field to generate rotational
motion.

23
Let's start by looking at a simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here dark black represents
a magnet or winding with a "North" polarization, while light colour represents a
magnet or winding with a "South" polarization).
Fig 2.6 DC motor
Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (a.k.a., armature), stator,
commutator, field magnet’s, and brushes. In most common DC motors, the external
magnetic field is produced by high-strength permanent magnets. The stator is the
stationary part of the motor -- this includes the motor casing, as well as two or more
permanent magnet pole pieces. The rotor (together with the axle and attached
commutator) rotates with respect to the stator. The rotor consists of windings
(generally on a core), the windings being electrically connected to the commutator.
The geometry of the brushes, commutator, contacts, and rotor windings are such that
when power is applied, the polarities of the energized winding and the stator
magnet(s) are misaligned, and the rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with the
stator's field magnets. As the rotor reaches alignment, the brushes move to the next
commutator contacts, and energize the next winding. Given our example two-pole
motor, the rotation reverses the direction of current through the rotor winding, leading
to a "flip" of the rotor's magnetic field, driving it to continue rotating.
2.6.2 Types of DC Motors

24
Type Advantages Disadvantages
Very precise speed and Expensive and hard to
Stepper Motor position control. High find. Require a switching
Torque at low speed. control circuit
Require more current
than permanent magnet
motors, since field coil
Wide range of speeds and must be energized.
DC Motor w/field coil torques. More powerful Generally heavier than
than permanent magnet permanent magnet
motors motors. More difficult to
obtain.
Small, compact, and easy Generally small. Cannot
DC permanent magnet to find. Very inexpensive vary magnetic field
motor strength.
Very high power/weight
Gasoline (small two ratio. Provide Extremely Expensive, loud, difficult
stroke) high torque. No batteries to mount, very high
required. vibration.
Table 2.2 Types of DC motors
2.7 MOTOR DRIVER
L293D is a typical Motor driver or Motor Driver IC which allows DC motor to drive
on either direction. L293D is a 16-pin IC which can control a set of two DC motors
simultaneously in any direction. It means that you can control two DC motor with a
single L293D IC. Dual H-bridge Motor Driver integrated circuit (IC).
It works on the concept of H-bridge. H-bridge is a circuit which allows the
voltage to be flown in either direction. As you know voltage need to change its
direction for being able to rotate the motor in clockwise or anticlockwise direction,
Hence, H-bridge IC are ideal for driving a DC motor.

25
In a single L293D chip there are two h-Bridge circuit inside the IC which can
rotate two dc motor independently. Due its size it is very much used in robotic
application for controlling DC motors. Given below is the pin diagram of a L293D
motor controller.
There are two Enable pins on l293d. Pin 1 and pin 9, for being able to drive the
motor, the pin 1 and 9 need to be high. For driving the motor with left H-bridge you
need to enable pin 1 to high. And for right H-Bridge you need to make the pin 9 to
high. If anyone of the either pin1 or pin9 goes low then the motor in the corresponding
section will suspend working. It’s like a switch.
Fig2.7 Motor driver pin diagram
2.7.1 Voltage Specification
VCC is the voltage that it needs for its own internal operation 5v; L293D will
not use this voltage for driving the motor. For driving the motors it has a separate
provision to provide motor supply VSS (V supply). L293d will use this to drive the
motor. It means if you want to operate a motor at 9V then you need to provide a
Supply of 9V across VSS Motor supply.
The maximum voltage for VSS motor supply is 36V. It can supply a max
current of 600mA per channel. Since it can drive motors Up to 36v hence you can
drive pretty big motors with this l293d.
VCC pin 16 is the voltage for its own internal Operation. The maximum
voltage ranges from 5v and up to 36v.

26
2.7.2 Working of L293D
There are 4 input pins for l293d, pin 2,7 on the left and pin 15 ,10 on the right as
shown on the pin diagram. Left input pins will regulate the rotation of motor
connected across left side and right input for motor on the right hand side. The motors
are rotated on the basis of the inputs provided across the input pins as LOGIC 0 or
LOGIC 1. In simple you need to provide Logic 0 or 1 across the input pins for rotating
the motor.
Lets consider a Motor connected on left side output pins (pin 3,6). For rotating the
motor in clockwise direction the input pins has to be provided with Logic 1 and Logic
0.
 Pin 2 = Logic 1 and Pin 7 = Logic 0 | Clockwise Direction
 Pin 2 = Logic 0 and Pin 7 = Logic 1 | Anticlockwise Direction
 Pin 2 = Logic 0 and Pin 7 = Logic 0 | Idle [No rotation] [Hi-Impedance state]
 Pin 2 = Logic 1 and Pin 7 = Logic 1 | Idle [No rotation]
In a very similar way the motor can also operate across input pin 15,10 for motor
on the right hand side.
2.8 TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a special apparatus, with no moving parts, which transforms
electrical power from one circuit to another with changes in voltage and current and
no change in frequency. There are two types of transformers classified by their
function:
 Step up transformer
 Step down transformer
A Step up Transformer is a device which converts the low primary voltage to a
high secondary voltage i.e. it steps up the input voltage. A Step down Transformer on
the other hand, steps down the input voltage i.e. the secondary voltage is less than the
primary voltage.

27
Fig 2.8 Transformer
Real Time Application of Step Down Transformer
The voltage from the Power Plant or Generation Station is around 20kV. In
order to transmit this voltage over long distances, it is stepped up to 440kV using a
Step up Transformer. This voltage with increased levels is then transmitted to a
distribution station.
At the distribution station, the 440kV is reduced to 11kV using a Step down
Transformer. The voltage with decreased level is then made ready for consumer use.
2.8.1 Principle of Working of a Transformer
An electrical transformer works on the principle of Mutual Induction, which
states that a uniform change in current in a coil will induce an E.M.F in the other coil
which is inductively coupled to the first coil. In its basic form, a transformer consists
of two coils with high mutual inductance that are electrically separated but have
common magnetic circuit.
How Transformer Works?
The first set of the coil, which is called as the Primary Coil or Primary
Winding, is connected to an alternating voltage source called Primary Voltage. The
other coil, which is called as Secondary Coil or Secondary Winding, is connected to
the load and the load draws the resulting alternating voltage (stepped up or stepped
down voltage).
The alternating voltage at the input excites the primary winding, an alternating
current circulates the winding. The alternating current will result in an alternating
magnetic flux, which passes through the iron magnetic core and completes its path.

28
Since the secondary winding is also linked to the alternating magnetic flux,
according to Faraday’s Law, an E.M.F is induced in the secondary winding. The
strength of the voltage at the secondary winding is dependent on the number of
windings through which the flux gets passed through. Thus, without making an
electrical contact, the alternating voltage in the primary winding is transferred to the
secondary winding.

29
CHAPTER- 3
SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
The software used in this project is the ARDUINO IDE software 8.1.3.
Arduino is a prototype platform (open-source) based on an easy-to-use
hardware and software. It consists of a circuit board, which can be programmed
(referred to as a microcontroller) and a ready-made software called Arduino IDE
(Integrated Development Environment), which is used to write and upload the
computer code to the physical board. Arduino provides a standard form factor that
breaks the functions of the micro-controller into more accessible packages.
3.1 FEATURES AND PROCEDURE
:  Arduino boards are able to read analog or digital input signals from different
sensors and turn it into an output such as activating a motor, turning LED on/off,
connect to the cloud and many other actions
.  You can control your board functions by sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board via Arduino IDE (referred to as uploading software).
 Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, Arduino does not need an
extra piece of hardware (called a programmer) in order to load a new code onto the
board. You can simply use a USB cable. 
 Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it easier
to learn to program. 
 Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the functions of the
micro-controller into a more accessible package.
After learning about the main parts of the Arduino UNO board, we are ready
to learn how to set up the Arduino IDE. Once we learn this, we will be ready to
upload our program on the Arduino board.
In this section, we will learn in easy steps, how to set up the Arduino IDE on
our computer and prepare the board to receive the program via USB cable.

30
Step 1: First you must have your Arduino board (you can choose your favourite
board) and a USB cable. In case you use Arduino UNO, Arduino Duemilanove, Nano,
Arduino Mega 2560, or Diecimila, you will need a standard USB cable
Step 2: Download Arduino IDE Software. You can get different versions of Arduino
IDE from the Download page on the Arduino Official website. You must select your
software, which is compatible with your operating system (Windows, IOS, or Linux).
After your file download is complete, unzip the file.
Step 3: Power up your board. The Arduino Uno, Mega, Duemilanove and Arduino
Nano automatically draw power from either, the USB connection to the computer or
an external power supply. If you are using an Arduino Diecimila, you have to make
sure that the board is configured to draw power from the USB connection. The power
source is selected with a jumper, a small piece of plastic that fits onto two of the three
pins between the USB and power jacks. Check that it is on the two pins closest to the
USB port. Connect the Arduino board to your computer using the USB cable. The
green power LED (labelled PWR) should glow.
Step 4: Launch Arduino IDE. After your Arduino IDE software is downloaded, you
need un zip the folder. Inside the folder, you can find the application icon with an
infinity label (application.exe). Double click the icon to start the IDE.
Step 5: Open your first project. Once the software starts, you have two options:
 Create a new project.
 Open an existing project example.
To create a new project, select File --> New.

To open an existing project example, select File -> Example -> Basics -> Blink
Step 6: Select your Arduino board. Go to Tools -> Board and select your board. You
must select the correct Arduino board name, which matches.
Here, we have selected Arduino Uno board according to our tutorial, but you must
select the name matching the board that you are using.
Step 7: Select your serial port. Select the serial device of the Arduino board. Go to
Tools -> Serial Port menu. This is likely to be COM3 or higher (COM1 and COM2

31
are usually reserved for hardware serial ports). To find out, you can disconnect your
Arduino board and re-open the menu, the entry that disappears should be of the
Arduino board. Reconnect the board and select that serial port.
Step 8: Upload the program to your board. Before explaining how we can upload our
program to the board, we must demonstrate the function of each symbol appearing in
the Arduino IDE toolbar.
Now, simply click the "Upload" button in the environment. Wait a few
seconds; you will see the RX and TX LEDs on the board, flashing. If the upload is
successful, the message "Done uploading" will appear in the status bar.
3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig 3.1 Block Diagram

32
3.3 PROGRAM CODE
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
Liquid Crystal lcd(A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5);
const int IR1 = 2;
const int IR2 = 3;
const int IR3 = 4;
const int IR4 = 5;
const int IR5 = 6;
const int voice1 = 8;
const int MOTOR= 11;
const int DOOR =12;
int flag1=0;
int flag2=0;
int count=0;
void setup()
{
serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(16,2);

33
pinMode(IR1,INPUT);
pinMode(IR2,INPUT);
pinMode(IR3,INPUT);
pinMode(IR4,INPUT);
pinMode(IR5,INPUT);
pinMode(voice1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(MOTOR,OUTPUT);
pinMode(DOOR,OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(voice1,HIGH);
lcd.clear();
}
void loop()
{
counts();
if(digitalRead(IR1)==1)
{
flag1=1;

34
Serial.println("Position 1");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);lcd.print(" Position 1 ");
analogWrite(MOTOR,100);delay(1000);
digitalWrite(voice1,LOW);
digitalWrite(MOTOR,LOW);delay(100);
digitalWrite(DOOR,HIGH);delay(100;
digitalWrite(DOOR,LOW);delay(500);
voice_p4();
{
digitalWrite(DOOR,HIGH);delay(1000);
voice_p4(); }
else if(digitalRead(IR3)==1)
{

35
digitalWrite(DOOR,HIGH);delay(1000);
voice_p4();
}
else{
lcd.setCursor(0,1);lcd.print(" ");
}
}
void counts()
{
{
flag1=1;
while(digitalRead(IR4)==1);
if(flag2 == 1)
{

36
flag1=0;
flag2=0;
count = count+1;
}
}
else if(digitalRead(IR5)==1)
{
flag2=1;
while(digitalRead(IR5)==1);
if(flag1==1)
{
flag1=0;
flag2=0;
count = count-1;
}
}
lcd.setCursor(0,0);lcd.print("Count:");lcd.print(count);lcd.print(" ");
Serial.print("count:");
Serial.println(count);delay(1000);
}
void voice_p4()
{

37
digitalWrite(voice4,LOW);delay(100);
digitalWrite(MOTOR,HIGH);
}
}
3.4 FLOWCHART
Fig 3.2 Flowchart

38
CHAPTER -4
WORKING
The working of the project is divided into 3 sections.
 Controlling the movement of the train
 Controlling the opening and closing of doors
 Counting the number of passengers present in the train
1. Controlling the movement of the train: Normally when the train is moving, the
IR LED-photodiode arrangement is placed such that both are placed parallel to
each other and thus as the photodiode gets the light pulses, it conducts and as a
result the arduino will get a low signal. Now as the train approaches a station, when
an interrupt occurs between IR LED- photodiode arrangement, the IR light from
the IR LED doesn’t fall on photodiode, as a result it doesn’t conducts and an
interrupt high signal is given to the arduino. The arduino is programmed so as to
send signals to the relay to stop the motors. The operation of the motor is driven by
the relay. The train incorporates a voice module for audio announcement of stations
,LCD display module for visual display of stations and a buzzer to alert the
passengers before closing the door.
2. Controlling the opening and closing of doors: As the train stops, i.e. the arduino
sends an interrupt signal to the relay to stop the motors; the microcontroller also
sends a high signal to the door relay such that it drives the motor to open the door,
for the passengers to get in. The arduino is programmed such that the door is
opened for a prescribed limit and then the arduino is programmed to signal the
relay to rotate the motor in reverse direction so as to close the door.
3. Counting the number of passengers present in the train: This is done using a
passenger counter system. This again consists of two IR LED-Photodiode
arrangements – one at the door and another a little distance away from the door.
When a person enters the train, first there is an interrupt between the door IR LED
and the photodiode (conducts first) and then there will be an interrupt between IR
LED- photodiode arrangement, which is placed a little distance away from the door
(conducts next). Accordingly, the count is incremented by one and is displayed on

39
LCD display module. As the person leaves the train, first there is an interrupt
between IR LED- photodiode arrangement, which is placed a little distance away
from the door (conducts first) and then there will be an interrupt between the door
IR LED and the photodiode (conducts next). Accordingly, the count is decremented
by one and is displayed on LCD display module.

40
CHAPTER -5
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
5.1 ADVANTAGES
 The Metro Rail System has proven to be most efficient in terms of energy
consumption, space occupancy and numbers transported.

 High-capacity carriers – very high volumes of peak hour peak direction trips.

 Eco-friendly – causes no air pollution, much less sound pollution.

 Low energy consumption – 20% per passenger km in comparison to road-based
systems.

 Greater traffic capacity – carries as much traffic as 7 lanes of bus traffic or 24
lanes of car traffic (either way).

 Very low ground space occupation – 2 meter width only for elevated rail.

 Faster – reduces journey time by 50% to 75%.

5.2 DISADVANTAGES
 Electricity: The Metro network is power hungry. One network easily surpasses
the power requirements of any small cities and towns (This is because the metro
rail doesn’t rely on locomotive technology to create thrust but runs using
electricity hungry motors)

 Ticket Pricing: Depending on government attitudes -- they can be heavily
subsidised and thus cheap (advantage) or (as in the UK) the government may
decide to make passengers pay for the service in which case they can get
expensive (passengers will tell you that's a disadvantage).

 Loss of control: Before laying metro line, Citizen drivers always have control
over their journeys. After metro, People will have to adjust to allowing others
to control their journey. (This may not be problem for many, but is for some).

41
CHAPTER-6
RESULTS
The project “Auto metro train to shuttle between stations” was designed and is found
that the designed hardware and software has shown consistently faithful readings and
also proved to be accurate.
Fig 6.1 Hardware Result Image
Fig 6.2 Software Result Image

42
CHAPTER -7
CONCLUSION
This project can only represent a minor part of what the future and technology
integration may look like for the modernization of different service sectors including
transport. Researching and developing a working prototype enhance self-confidence
and assure that it is possible to design a system and apply it for solving a particular
problem by acquiring the necessary information. Moreover, developing a prototype
system can serve as a basis of a far more sophisticated and advance form of control
system such as a real driverless train system. In this paper we have described how
metro train can be automated with the help of paper presented above and it main
advantage is counting the no of passengers automatically as they enter the train. This
counting helps to reduce the overpopulation inside the train. The counting on the other
hand is displayed on 16*2 LCD display. In this manner the venture “Auto Metro Train
To Shuttle Between Stations” is enormously valuable in all angles.

43
CHAPTER -8
FUTURE SCOPE
The metro train in the current project is designed to run only between three stations
but by programming arduino differently we can design it to run between more than
three stations. We can incorporate automatic announcement system to inform the
passengers about the next station. We can introduce RFID based ticketing system at
each station. We can also implement GPS tracking to show the status of train.

44
CHAPTER -9
REFERENCES
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_train_operation
https://www.edgefxkits.com/auto-metro-train-to-shuttle-between-stations
https://www.elprocus.com/a-simple-way-to-design-an-automatic-train
https://www.ijmetmr.com
https://www.pinterest.com

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