Locust Plague Monitoring & Management Guide
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Dr. J S Kennedy, Dean, School of Post Graduate Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University.
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Locust Plague Monitoring & Management Guide
- 1. Locust Plague Monitoring & Management Locust
- 2. J.S.Kennedy Introduction Biology & Phase Variation Monitoring Management Future perspective Synopsis
- 3. J.S.Kennedy Introduction 500 species 50 are major (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) Holy books Ancient times Damage -$ 4 million, Management - $ 2.7 million 10 % of the population
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- 8. Biology Species, Life cycle, Phase variation & Distribution
- 9. J.S.Kennedy Eggs • Eggs are yellowish brown in color and 7-8 mm long • 1-3 egg pods per female with an average of 60-80 per pod. • Egg pod is large, slightly bent, 50-85 mm in length, 7-10 mm in diameter
- 10. J.S.Kennedy Female lays eggs in a hole in damp, warm or sandy soil called a Pod usually at a depth of 2-10 cm. Each pod contain 60-80 pale yellow banana- shaped eggs 5-6 mm long. Covers the eggs with frothy liquid to protects from enemies, dehydration and contamination.
- 11. J.S.Kennedy • Collection of egg pods laid by a number of locusts is termed as Egg Bed. • Egg beds may vary from a few square meters to several hundred square meters and scattered throughout a region. • Eggs hatch in 14-20 days • Afterwards the nymphs move by crawling or hopping along the ground as they have no wings. • 5 nymphal instars and nymphs take 4-8 weeks to complete development
- 12. J.S.Kennedy Nymph • An immature locust is called a nymph or hopper • Miniature to adults but wingless • Lighter in color than adult Adult • Large size about 45–60 mm in length • Green or brown in the solitary form • Straw-colored in gregarious form • Hind wings have no markings. • Adult flight is strong and steady
- 13. J.S.Kennedy Swarm If numbers are sufficient, locusts form dense groups. Swarms infested areas that are usually 5 km2-50 km2. There can be 40-80 millions locust in each square kilometer of swarm. Swarms can travel about 5-130 km or more in a day.
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- 15. J.S.Kennedy Phase variation • Behave Independently • Repelled from other locusts • Walk slowly with creeping • Active mostly at night • Diet restricted • Behave as a Cohesive Unit • Attracted to conspecific • Walk rapidly • Active mostly at day • Diet broad Contents Title Contents Title Solitary Phase Gregarious Phase
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- 18. J.S.Kennedy Three types breeding of locust – summer, winter and spring India has only one locust breeding season and that is Summer breeding. The neighboring country Pakistan has both spring and summer breeding
- 19. J.S.Kennedy Triggering factor – Guaiacol pheromone (guaiacol, a key component of a pheromone derived from locust faecal pellets that promotes the aggregation of locusts) produced by the hopper via plant material and gut bacterial (Pantoea aglomerans)
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- 25. J.S.Kennedy Species The desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) Bombay locust (Patanga succincta) Oriental migratory locust (Locusta migratoria) Tree Locust (Anacridium sp.)
- 26. J.S.Kennedy It is one of the most devastating migratory pests in the world Feeds on large quantities of any kind of green vegetation, including crops, pasture, and fodder. A typical swarm can be made up of 150 million locusts per square kilometer and is carried on the wind, up to 150 km in one day. Even a very small, locust swarm can eat the same amount of food in one day as about 35 000 people. It is an international transboundary pest which threatens agricultural production and livelihoods in many countries in Africa, the Middle East, and south and southwestern Asia. The desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria)
- 27. J.S.Kennedy • Highly mobile, and usually fly with the wind at a speed of about 15 to 20 kilometres per hour (9.3 to 12.4 mph). • Swarms can travel 5 to 130 km or more in a day. • The swarms can vary from less than one square kilometre to several hundred square kilometres with 40 to 80 million individuals per square kilometre. Oriental migratory locust (Locusta migratoria)
- 28. J.S.Kennedy • The Bombay locust is found in India, Southwest Asia and Southeast Asia. • Its range extends from India and Pakistan to Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Japan, the Philippines and Indonesia. • Its typical breeding habitat is grassy plains and rough, tussocky grassland with shrubs and scattered trees at elevations up to about 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). • In India, where swarms were common at one time, there have not been any swarms since 1927; it is thought this is due to a change of land use, with the areas of grassland in which it used to breed now being largely under cultivation Bombay locust (Patanga succincta)
- 29. J.S.Kennedy • These grasshoppers inhabit trees and shrubs, scrub land, maquis and orchards in warm and bright environments, at an elevation from sea-level to 1,500m • Their body is usually gray, brown or olive coloured, the antennae are relatively short and robust. Tree Locust (Anacridium sp.)
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- 33. J.S.Kennedy India 1993 Area – 3,10,482 Chemicals – 8,03,626 2005 Area - 16,640 Chemicals - 12,359 2016 Area – 1205 Chemicals - 1205 1997 Area – 23,596 Chemicals – 11,634 2010 Area – 4700 Chemicals - 4700 2020 Area – 1,70,000 Chemicals - ?
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- 42. J.S.Kennedy i. Detection and monitoring of vegetation ii. The estimation of soil moisture iii. The measurement of certain meteorological parameters, such as rainfall distribution
- 43. J.S.Kennedy • Satellite images are effective in detecting zones of green vegetation that appear after sporadic rains. • Migratory locust, satellite images have been used, for instance, to map spatio- temporal distribution of its preferred vegetation. • They have also been used for post- outbreak damage assessment on vegetation in China. • Rapid identification of areas with emerging green vegetation is instrumental in fast decision-making regarding control interventions against locust congregations.
- 44. J.S.Kennedy Management Cultural, Mechanical, Biological & Chemical Control
- 45. J.S.Kennedy Management Spraying Baiting digging trenches, beating and burning Mechanical Dusting applying a fine dust impregnated with insecticide scattering locust food impregnated with insecticide spraying liquid insecticides (chemical or biological)
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- 52. J.S.Kennedy Integrated management Modelling Monitoring Biopesticides Chemical control Regular survey 01 02 0304 05