2. C-13 NMR SPECTROSCOPY
CONTENS
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
PRINCIPLE
C-13NMR
WHY C-13 NMR REQUIRED
CHEMICAL SHIFT
NUMBER OF SIGNAL
SPIN SPIN SPLITTING OF C-13 NMR
FACTOR AFFECTING C-13 NMR
APPLICATION
REFERENCES
3. INTRODUCTION
Nuclear magnetic resonance Spectroscopy is a
powerful analytical technique used to charecterise
organic molecule by identifying Carbon-Hydrogen
frameworks with in molecule.
Two types of NMR Spectroscopy are used to
charecterise organic structure :-
H-1 NMR :-To determine the type and number of H
atoms in a molecule.
C-13 NMR:- Used to determine type of carbon atoms in
the molecule.
4. HISTORY
NMR was first described
and measured in molecular
ISIDOR RABI in 1938 by
extending the Stern-
Gerlach experiment
In 1944 RABI was awarded
the Nobel Prize in Physics.
ISIDOR ISAAC RABI
RABI, Photographed in 1944
5. PRINCIPLE
Nuclear magnetic resonance concern the magnetic
properties of certain atomic nuclei.
It concern the atom having spin quantum number.
C-12 nucleus is not magnetic active because ;
C-12:- Proton 6 ,Neutron 6
Nuclear spin (I)=0
C-13:- Proton 6,Neutron 7
Nuclear spin (I)=1/2
Relatively new technique as compared to proton NMR.
6. C-13 NMR
C-12 have no magnetic spin and produce no NMR
signal.
C-13 have magnetic spin(I)=1/2
C-13 account for only 1.1%of naturally occurring
carbon.
No coupling between C-13 and C.
C-13 have weak signal.
C-13 have strong coupling with H.
C-13 have weak coupling with C.
7. C-13 NMR
C-13 has only about 1.1% natural abundance (of carbon
atoms).
C-12 does not exhibit NMR behavior.
As a result, C is about 400 times less sensitive than H
nucleus to the NMR phenomena.
Chemical shift range is normally 0 to 220ppm.
Normal C-13 Spectra are “broadband, proton
decoupled”so the peaks show as single lines.
Number of peak indicates the number of type of
Carbon atoms.
8. WHY C-13 NMR REQUIRED
Carbon NMR can used to determine the number of
non-equivalent carbon and no identify the types of
carbon atoms (methyl,methylene,aromatic ,carbonyl
)which may present in compound.
C13 Signal are spread over a much wider range than
proton signal making it easier to identify and counts
individual nuclei.
9. CHEMICAL SHIFT
In contrast to the small range of chemical shift in H-1
NMR (0-10ppm), C-13 NMR absorption
occurs over a much broader range (0-220ppm).
The chemical shift reference standard for C- 13 is the
carbon in TMS whose chemical shift is considered top
be 0.0ppm.
12. SPIN SPIN SPLITTING OF C-13 NMR
Homonuclear spin spin splitting:-
Because of its low nature abundance
there is a low probability of finding two C-13 atom next
to each other in a single molecule.
C-13 –C-13 Coupling negligible
Heteronuclear spin spin splitting:-
C-13 will magnetically couple with attached
proton and adjacent proton, N+1 rule is obeyed.
13. Splitting take place according to 2nI+1 rule
Where n=no. of nuclei
I=spin quantum number
CH3=3+1=4 quartet
CH2=2+1=3 triplet
CH=1+1=2 doublet
C=0+1=1 singlet
16. FACTOR AFFECTING OF C-13 NMR
Electro Negative of
nearby atoms –
C bonded to O,N or
halogen absorb
downfield because
O,N,and halogen pull
electron away from
nearby C-13 atoms,
decreasing their electron
density and
“deshielding” them.
17. Effect and chain length:-
Cl-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
Chemical shift 45 33 29 22 14
(Delta value)
Deshielding effect of Cl decreases as number
of bonds between Cl and C increases.
18. Hybridization –
-sp3 C signal is in the range 0-90
-sp2 C signal is in range 110-220
-C=O signal is at the low-field end in the range 160-220
19. APPLICATION
C-13 NMR has elucidated and biochemical structure.
C-13 NMR provides information about the backbone to
molecule rather than periphery.
C-13 nuclei are stable isotopes and hence it not danger
to radiotracer.
And also used for quantification of drug purity to
determination of the composition of high molecular
weight synthetic polymer.
20. REFERENCES
McCash M. Elain and Banwell N.Colen “fundamental
of molecular spectroscopy,”4th edittion,
TataMcGrawHill publishing company LTD.New
Delhi.page no-234-240.
Chatwal R. Gurdeep and Anand K. Sham,”Intrumental
method of chemical analysis,”Himalaya publishing
house mumbai, Delhi. page no. 2.231.
H. Kour by Spectroscopy ,12th eddi. Pragati
publication,page no. 415-424.