The study of hydraulics deals with system operated with hydraulic oil media to impart power or to control power. • Hydraulicpoweristhepowerthatistransmittedbypressurizedoil. • It may be used to power machines or to control or to regulate machines.

1. MohammadAzam Khan
[M.Tech- Industrial andProduction]
BASIC
TRAINING
IN
HYDRAULICS
Basics 1

2. Mohammad Azam Khan
TRAINING CONTENTS
Basics 2
• Principle of fluid power and hydraulics
• Applications of hydraulics in various fields.
• Properties of fluids.
• Pascal’s law & applications
• Signal flow in hydraulic system.
• Symbolic representation of different energy
supply elements like pump, filter, motor,
pressure regulator, hydraulicpower pack,
hydraulicaccumulator etc.
• Working principle & symbolic
representationof different types of
direction control valves.
• Basic hydrauliccircuits used in different
applications.
• Practice on work station
• Practice on software fluid sim- hydraulics

3. Mohammad Azam Khan
INTRODUCTION
• The controlledmovement of parts or a controlledapplicationof force
is a common requirement in the industries.
• These operations are performedmainly by using electrical
machines or diesel, petrol and steam engines as a prime mover.
Power source Energy medium Control system Prime mover Load
Basics 3

4. Mohammad Azam Khan
WHAT IS FLUID POWER?
Basics 4
• Fluid power is the engineeringscience and technologythat deal with
the generation,control,and transmissionof energy throughthe use of
pressurizedfluids.
OR
• Fluid power technology is to convert, transmit, control & apply fluid
energy to perform useful work. Fluid can be either a liquid or gas.

5. Mohammad Azam Khan
HYDRAULICS
• The study of hydraulics deals with system operated with hydraulic oil
media to impart power or to control power.
• Hydraulic power is the power that is transmittedby pressurizedoil.
• It may be used to power machines or to control or to regulate machines.
Oil tank /
reservoir
Power
source
(Pump)
Pressurized
oil
Control
valve
Actuator
Basics 5

6. Mohammad Azam Khan
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
Basics 6

7. Mohammad Azam Khan
HISTORICAL REVIEW
Basics 7
• Actual advancement of ‘Oil Hydraulics’startedfrom the end of 17th
Century. In 1648, a French Physicist,Pascal, discovered a fundamental
law underlyingthe whole science of Hydraulics.
• It’s a two-part statement as given here:
– Pressure at any point in a static fluid is the same in every direction,
– Pressure exerted on a confined fluid is transmitted equally in all directions,
acting with equal force on equal areas.

8. Mohammad Azam Khan
FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL
PRINCIPLES OF HYDRAULICS
• Every body exerts a specific pressure “p” on its base.
Basics 8
• The value of this pressure is dependent on the force due to weight
“F” of the body and on the size of the area “A” on which the force
due to weight acts.

9. Mohammad Azam Khan
FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL
PRINCIPLES OF HYDRAULICS
• Two bodies with different bases (A1 and
A2 ).
• Where the bodies haveidentical mass, the
same force due to weight (F) acts on the
base.
• However, the pressure is different owing
to the different sizes of base.
• Where the force due to weight is
identical, a higherpressure is producedin
the case of a small base than in the case of
a larger base.
Basics 9

10. Mohammad Azam Khan
FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL
PRINCIPLES OF HYDRAULICS
Basics 10
• This is expressed by the following formula:
• P=F/A
• Unit: 1Pa = 1N/m^2
• 1 bar = 100000N/m^2= 10^5 Pa
• P = Pressure, Pascale [Pa]
• F = Force, Newton [N]
• A = Area, Square meter [m^2]

11. Mohammad Azam Khan
PRESSURE TRANSMISSION
• If a force F1 acts via an areaA1 on an
enclosed liquid, a pressure “p” is
producedwhich extends throughout the
whole of the
liquid (Pascal’s Law).
• The same pressure applies at every point
of the closed system.
• The same pressure acts on the surfaces
A2, A3 as onA1.
• This is expressedby means of the
following formula:
• p = F/A
Basics 11

12. Mohammad Azam Khan
POWER TRANSMISSION
• The same pressure applies at
every point in a closed
system.
• For this reason, the shape of
the container has no
significance.
• Where a container is formed
as shown in the diagram, it
is possible to transmit
forces.
• The fluid pressure can be
described by means of the
following equations:
• p1 = F1/A1 & p2 = F2/A2
Basics 12

13. Mohammad Azam Khan
PASCAL'S LAW & ITS
APPLICATIONS
Basics 13
• Now assume a force of 50N is applied downward on p1,
• The Pressure created by P1=Force/Area
• =50N/10cm2 = 5N/cm2
• A/c to Pascal's law, pressure acts equally in all direction.
• So, the pressure acting on p2 is also 5N/cm2 . As the p2 has the area of 100cm2
.
• So, Force available on p2 =Pressure X Area
• = 5N/cm2 X 100cm2 =500N
• “The force applied to piston 1 is multiplied 10 times, this advantage is utilised
in fluid power system !!!”

14. Mohammad Azam Khan
TYPES OF FLOW
• Two types of fluidflows
• Laminar flow & turbulent flow
Basics 14

15. Mohammad Azam Khan
HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS.
Basics 15
• The hydraulic systems consists a number of parts for its proper functioning.
• These include storagetank, filter, hydraulic pump, pressure regulator, control valve,
hydrauliccylinder, piston andleak proof fluidflow pipelines.
• It consists of:
– Cylinder
– Storage tank
– Filter
– Electric pump
– Pressure regulator
– Control valve
– Leak proof closed loop piping.

16. Mohammad Azam Khan
SCHEMATIC OF
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
Basics 16

17. Mohammad Azam Khan
HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS...
Basics 17
• The storage/fluidtankis a reservoir for the liquidused as a transmission
media.
• The liquid used is generallyhigh density incompressible oil.It is filteredto
remove dust or any other unwanted particles and then pumped by the
hydraulic pump.
• The capacity of pump depends on the hydraulic system design. These
pumps generally deliver constant volume in each revolutionof the pump
shaft.Therefore, the fluidpressure can increase indefinitelyat the dead
end of the piston until the system fails.

18. Mohammad Azam Khan
HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS....
Basics 18
• The pressure regulator is used to avoid such circumstances which redirect
the excess fluidback to the storage tank.
• The movement of piston is controlledby changing liquid flow
from port A and port B.
• The cylinder movement is controlledby using control valve which directs
the fluid flow.
• The leak proof piping is also important due to safety,
environmental hazards and economical aspects.

19. Mohammad Azam Khan
TYPES OF HYDRAULICS
Basics 19
• The place held by hydraulics in (modern) automation technologyillustrates
the wide range of applications for which it can be used.
• A basic distinctionis made between:
– Stationary hydraulics
– Mobile hydraulics

20. Mohammad Azam Khan
STATIONARY HYDRAULICS
Basics 20
• Stationary hydraulics is fixed at one station whereall the activities arecarried out at
the same station. Stationary hydraulicsis used in machine tool applications.
• The following application areas are important for stationary hydraulics:
– Production and assembly machines of all types
– Transfer lines
– Lifting and conveying devices
– Presses
– Injection moulding machines
– Rolling lines
– Lifts

21. Mohammad Azam Khan
MOBILE HYDRAULIC
Basics 21
• Mobile hydraulic systems move on wheels or tracks, for example, unlike stationary
hydraulicsystems which remain firmly fixed in one position.
• A characteristic featureof mobile hydraulics is that the valves are frequently manually
operated.
• Typical application fields for mobile hydraulics include:
– Construction machinery
– Excavators, elevating platforms
– Lifting and conveying devices
– Agricultural machinery