Animal and Plant Organ Systems and their Functions

1. Plants and
Animal Organ
System and
their
Functions

2. ● What organ system are
you familiar with in
animals?
● How about in Plants?

3. Levels of Organization
Atoms
Organelles
Cells
Tissue
Organ
Organ
system
Organism
Population
Ecosystem

4. Levels of Organization
Atoms
Organelles
Cells
Tissue
Organ
Organ
system
Organism
Population
Ecosystem
8
2
5
3
7
9
1
6
4

6. TEKS 7.12C: Recognize levels of organization in plants and animals, including cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms.
What is the basic unit of organization in plants and
animals?
A cell is the
smallest unit of an
organism.
In complex
organisms, cells are
specialized for
specific functions.

7. TEKS 7.12C: Recognize levels of organization in plants and animals, including cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms.
Specialized cells do not work alone. A tissue is a group of similar specialized cells
that work together to perform a specific function. Animals have four types of tissue.
How do cells work together?
• Connective tissue adds
support and structure.
• Epithelial tissue is protective.
• Muscle tissue moves body
parts.
• Nerve tissue relays
information.
(contd.)

8. TEKS 7.12C: Recognize levels of organization in plants and animals, including cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms.
How else are plants and
animals organized?
• An organ combines different kinds of tissues that function
together.
• Your brain is an organ in which nerve, connective, and epithelial
tissues work together. Your heart is an organ made of muscle,
nerve, connective, and epithelial tissues.
• Plant organs include roots, stems, and leaves. These organs all
contain the three types of plant tissues.
(contd.)

9. TEKS 7.12C: Recognize levels of organization in plants and animals, including cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms.
• An organ system is a group of
organs that work together to
perform a major function.
• Complex animals have many organ
systems, such as the nervous
system and the muscular system.
• Plants have only two organ
systems, the shoot system and the
root system. (contd.)

10. TEKS 7.12C: Recognize levels of organization in plants and animals, including cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms.
• An organism is a complete living thing that
relies on cells for life functions.
• In a complex organism, all the cells,
tissues, organs, and organ systems work
together. They carry out the functions
necessary for the organism’s life.

11. Plants

12. Structure: Cells
Parenchyma- least
differentiated, most
abundent
Collenchyma-
suport
Sclerenchyma-
reinforced, tough
cell walls, stop
mitosis

13. Structure:tissue/specialized cells
Tissues:
1.Dernat- outer, hard layer
2.Vascular- made for
transport
3.Ground- everything else
Specialized cells:
1.Xylem- conduct water
2.Phloem- conduct solid
material such as sugar.

14. Growth
Meristem
1.embryotic stem cells
that produces other
cells
2.Located on tip of
developmental part.
Angiosperm Cross
section

15. Gas Exchange
Stomata
1.Guarded by Guard
Cells
2.Promote CO2
intake and H2O
and O2 outtake
3.Grants need for
Calvin Cycle

16. Energy Production/Mineral
transport
Energy Prodcution and Distribution
1. Sugar produced by leaf through
photosynthesis
2. Sugar is translocated through flow of
Minerals and Water Transport
1. Root intake water and mineral
2. Aids photosyntesis
3. Symbiolotic relationship with fungi
a. Mycorrhizae- increase abosorbsion
b. Rhizobium- convert N to solute use

18. Response

20. Reproduction
Pollination
1.Pollination- transfer of
pollen from anther to
stigma.
2.Double Fertilization-
ensure endosperm
developes

21. Evolution

22. Animal
s

23. Basics - Levels of Organization
Tissues → Organs → Organ
Systems
- tissues are made up of groups of
cells
- tissues work along one another in
groups which makes up organs
- an organ system consists of groups
of organs working together

24. Digestive System
Structures
-Mouth: starting point of digestion
-Esophagus: gets food swallowed from the mouth
-Stomach: contains the food and releases
enzymes to break it down
-Small intestines: uses enzymes made from the
pancreas and bile made by the liver to break down
food
-Gallbladder: releases bile to break down fats
-Large intestines: job of processing waste and
drops it into the rectum and then anus for release

25. Digestive System
Function
-uses enzymes to break
down, absorb, and excrete
food taken into the body
-helps in cellular
respiration by supplying
sugars such as glucose

26. Respiratory System
Structures
-Trachea: part of the airway that connects throat and
bronchi
-Bronchi: moves air from trachea to lungs
-Lungs: allows oxygen to supply red blood cells and
the red blood cells move around the body
-Diaphragm: main component for respiration,
functions with inhalation and exhalation
-Gills: takes in dissolved oxygen in water to breathe
(fish)
-Hemoglobin: moves oxygen from lungs to tissues;
moves carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs

27. Respiratory System
Function
-allows us to breathe
(this is needed to
survive on Earth)
-oxygen and carbon
dioxide are exchanged
in the process

28. Nervous System
Structures
-Neuron: main feature of the brain;
processes and transmits information
-Axon: sends information to neurons
-Dendrites: receive information from
neurons
-Synapse: sends information from cell
to cell

29. Nervous System
Function
-allows control for the
body through
communication within with
certain parts
-regulating processes in
the body
-coordination with other

30. Circulatory System
Structures (Blood
Flow)
-vena cava → right atrium →
tricuspid valve → right
ventricle → pulmonary artery
→ lungs→ pulmonary veins
→ left atrium → mitral valve
→ left ventricle → aortic
valve → aorta → body

31. Circulatory System
Function
-supplies the body with blood and oxygen
-carbon dioxide, oxygen, nutrients are all
transported throughout the body
Adaptations
-A 4 chambered heart is able to separate
separate deoxygenated and oxygenated
blood (oxygenated blood to the body and
deoxygenated blood to the lungs)

32. Excretory System
Structure
- Kidney: Filters the blood and creates urine
- Glomerulus: Blood plasma is filtered here
- Nephron: Regulates the concentration of water
- Bowman’s capsule: where blood filtration starts
- Loop of henle: Where blood and salts and reabsorbed
into the blood
- Collecting duct: collects urine from the nephron and
moves it to the ureters
Function
- Filters the blood, keeps water balance, and excretes
nitrogenous waste

33. Muscles
Structure
- Muscle cells: contain protein filaments of actin
and myosin
- Sarcomeres: structure unit of a myofibril
- Actin & myosin fibers: Actin form the thin
filaments and myosin form the thick filaments
- Tropomyosin regulatory protein: troponin is
attached to the protein tropomyosin and lies
within the groove between actin filaments in the
muscle tissue
Function
- helps with movement

34. Immune
Structure
- Lymph system: major part of the immune system
- leukocytes: protect the body from infectious disease
and foreign invaders
- lymphocytes: a form of lymphocyte
- macrophage: phagocytic cell found in the tissues or
mobile white blood cell
- B cells: produces antibodies
- T cells: destroy t cells to hunt down and destroy cells
that are infected with germs
Function
protects body from attacks by pathogen

35. Reproduction
Structures
-Testicles: create sperm
-Penis: urination and semen delivery
-Glands: creates sex hormones
-Sperm: reproductive cell for males
-Ovaries: creates sex hormones
-Eggs: reproductive cells for females
-Fallopian tubes: transfers egg from ovary to uterus
-Uterus: develops embryo and fetus when pregnant
Function
-create offspring (make sure survival is possible)
-produce sex cells

36. Questions
After a long period of negligence to water his plants, a researcher noticed that his
beloved Rosa Banksianae began to wilt.
1. Propose the best explanation for the cause of wilting of the rose:
a. Because of long drought, the plant is unable to absorb mineral from the root
and thus transport water to the leaves, thus causing wilt.
b. Because of long drought, the plant’s root have no water to absorb and thus
resulting in a lack of water. To counter the lack, the plant wilt its leaves,
which eventually decreases loss of water due to stomata.
c. Because of sunlight presence, the plant lose an excessive amount of water
through stomata.
d. Because of sunlight presence, the plant’s stomata can no longer regulate
water loss.

37. Questions
After regretting about the loss of his beloved plant, the researcher also noticed something
interesting. he noticed that the pot of cactus that he have forgotten in the corner of his room for
months shows no symptoms of wilting.
2. Propose the best explanation of the reason that the cactus survived the long period of
drought:
a. Cactus have the ability to make water from mineral, thus it does not need water to
survive.
b. Cactus have a symbiotic relationship with Mycorrhizae, which can convert mineral
products to water
c. Cactus have a large storage which allow it to retain ample amount of water to survive a
long drought and it’s leaves is modified to reduce water loss through stomata.
d. Cactus is able to recycle the waste products and turn them back to water.

38. Questions
In 1880, Charles Darwin and Francis Darwin preformed an
experiment involving covering parts of the glass coleoptiles
to find out which part of plant is responsible for light. Their
conclusion can be represented from the illustration below:
As the illustration demonstrates, if the tip of the glass
coleopiles is removed or covered, then the plant will not be
affect by the effects of phototropism, or the response to
light. If the tips is covered by transparent caps or if other
parts are covered, then the plants do respond to
phototropism. Years later, scientists have found that auxin,
a hormone commonly present at the tip of the plant,
contributes to this phenomenon.

39. Questions
3.Describe the effect of Auxin:
a. Auxin is a substance that regulate elongation among roots
b.Auxin is a substance that can sense phototrophic effect
c. Auxin is a substance that regulates plant response to
gravity
d.Auxin is a substance that regulate elongation among
stems

40. Questions
4. Describe a potential explanation for the cause of this event:
a. Auxin at the tip of the plant, when receiving signal from the sun, sends intercepts the direction
of sunlight and thus sends the signal to the stem, which cause elongation on the dark side of the
plant, thus causing it to bent toward the light.
b. Auxin at the tip of the plant, when receiving signal from the sun, sends intercepts the direction
of sunlight and thus sends the signal to the stem, which cause elongation on the light side of the
plant, thus causing it to bent toward the light.
c. Auxin at the tip of the plant, when receiving signal from the sun, sends intercepts the direction
of sunlight and thus sends the signal to the stem, which cause elongation on the light side of the
plant, thus causing it to bent toward the dark.
d. Auxin at the tip of the plant, when receiving signal from the sun, sends intercepts the direction
of sunlight and thus sends the signal to the stem, which cause elongation on the dark side of the
plant, thus causing it to bent toward the dark.

41. Questions
5. Several months after the experiment, the plant whose tip
were cut seems to be once again affected by phototropism.
Inferring from this, which of the following best depicts events
happening?
a. Auxin is transported and accumulated at the top
b.The tip grow back again, causing auxin to be produced
again
c. Auxin is sent to the top continuously from the root
d.Auxin is sent continuously down from the tip

42. Questions
5. Several month after the experiment, the plant whose tip were cut seems to be once again affected by phototropism.
Inferring from this, which of the following best depicts events happening?
a. Auxin is transported and accumulated at the top
b. The tip grow back again, causing auxin to be produced again
c. Auxin is sent to the top continuously from the root
d. Auxin is sent continuously down from the tip
In 1913 additional experiments by Boysen and jensen determines further extensions about Darwins’ study.
In the experiment, Boysen and Jensen concluded that an additional layer of permeable membrane will not affect effect of
phototropism while a impermeable membrane will.
6. Which of the following statement is NOT true?
a. The impermeable membrane blocks the transduction of auxin from tip downward.
b. The permeable membrane permits the translocation of auxin from tip downward.
c. The impermeable membrane permits the transduction of auxin from tip downward.

43. Questions
During embryonic development, plants usually go through the process of double fertilization.
7. Describe the purpose of double fertilization:
a. To ensure seeds develop normally.
b. To ensure the ovule part of seed develop properly.
c. To ensure the endosperm develop properly.
d. To ensure that endosperm do not interfere with ovule during embryonic development
8. Which of the following statement is true about double fertilization?
a. In double fertilization, 3n endosperm supplies nutrients to the 2n Zygote
b. In double fertilization, 3n endosperm is prevented from squandering nutrients to the 2n Zygote
c. In double fertilization, 2n endosperm supplies nutrients to the 3n Zygote
d. In double fertilization, 2n endosperm is prevented from squandering nutrients to the3n Zygote

44. Questions
9. Which of the following event is not applicable for pollination?
a. A flower attracting bees to grab sperms of its anthor to other plants.
b. A moss spread its sperm through water.
c. A dandelion spreading its offspring through wind.
d. A flower who spread its pollination through air power.
10. Which of the following answer choice is correct?
I. Mosses can spread sperm only through water
II. Ferns have the ability to generate seeds
III. Angiosperms uses flowers as a reproductive tool.
a. I only
b.IIonly
c. III only
d. I and III only
e. I,II,and III only

45. Questions
11. The main component for gas exchange in most living organisms is the ____.
a) Lungs
b) Diaphragm
c) Blood
e) Trachea
12. Which of the following orders displays a correct pathway through the digestive system?
A. mouth, esophagus, stomach
B. esophagus, duodenum, stomach
C. stomach, large intestine, small intestine
D. stomach, rectum, small intestine

46. Questions
13. How many principal organ systems does the ordinary human body contain?
a) 11
b) 5
c) 24
d) 65
e) It’s different for every human.
14. Which of the following displays the proper direction the arteries carry blood?
A. away from vena cava
B. towards the pulmonary veins
C. towards the brain for signal coordination
D. towards the heart
E. only away from the heart

47. Questions
15. Which one of the answer choices below is represents a function of the Excretory System?
a) To keep water balance
b) Provide oxygenated blood
c) Release hormones into the blood
d) To store nitrogenous waste
16. Which of the following answer choices below does not include a component of the peripheral
nervous system?
a) sensory pathway
b) autonomic nervous system
c) voluntary nervous system
d) involuntary vision system

48. Questions
17. Which of the following below is not necessary for muscle contraction?
a) Actin
b) CAMP
c) Myosin
d) Troponin
18. Memory cells are involved in ______.
a) channeling a faster response
b) passive immunity
c) sending a signal to supply blood to the site
d) utilizing a faster immune response after a second exposure of antigen
e) all of the above

49. Questions
19. Development of embryos after fertilization happens in which of the following?
a) uterus
b) vagina
c) ovary
d) rectum
e) eggs
20. Which cells help with the second encounter of a virus?
a) Memory cells
b) T cells
c) Phagocytes
d) Macrophages
e) B cells

50. Free
Response
Question

51. Free
Response
Question