3. Proportions From 2 to 6
Toddlers have large heads and stomachs and
short arms and legs
Six year olds have longer torsos
4. Overall Physical Growth
Grow 3 inches in height per year
Gain 4 ½ pounds in weight per year
Average 6 year old is 46 inches tall and
weighs 46
Small appetites between ages 2 and 6
years
6. Avoiding Eating Problems
Don’t force feed or fight
Appetite varies
Keep it pleasant
No short order chefs
Limit choices
Serve balanced meals
Don’t bribe
7. Brain Maturation
Brain weight
Changes in
emotional control
and coordination
Visual pathways
Growth of
hemispheres
Corpus callosum
19. Theory of Mind
Established at around 4
Knowledge of others’ mental states
Everyday mindreading
Theory of mind and autistic spectrum
disorders
20. Language Development
Vocabulary growth (10-20 words per
day)
Understanding incomplete
Preference for nouns
Over-regularization: “I goed there. I
doed that!”
21. Impact of Training on
Cognitive Development
Vygotsky’s zone of
proximal
development
Do you talk to
yourself? Why?
Combining language
and thought:
egocentric and
private speech
25. Mead’s “I” and the “me”
“I” spontaneous self
“me” socialized self
Taking the role of the other
Taking the role of a significant other
Taking the role of the generalized other
33. Parenting Styles: Baumrind’s
Model
Authoritarian-children should be seen and not heard!
Permissive-let the kids rule
Authoritative-strictness with affection
Uninvolved-disengaged
36. Childcare
How many mothers work outside of
home?
64.2 percent with children under 6
77.3 percent with children 6-17
What about childcare?
Global Concerns
Example: Liberia’s Market Women
37. Stress and Development
Normal vs. toxic stress
Stress hormones
Brain circuitry
The impact of social support